Bifidobacterium pseudolongum-generated acetate suppresses non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
Journal of hepatology
BACKGROUND & AIMS:Recent studies have highlighted the role of the gut microbiota and their metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC). We aimed to identify specific beneficial bacterial species that could be used prophylactically to prevent NAFLD-HCC. METHODS:The role of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum was assessed in two mouse models of NAFLD-HCC: diethylnitrosamine + a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet or + a choline-deficient/high-fat diet. Germ-free mice were used for the metabolic study of B. pseudolongum. Stool, portal vein and liver tissues were collected from mice for non-targeted and targeted metabolomic profiles. Two human NAFLD-HCC cell lines (HKCI2 and HKCI10) were co-cultured with B. pseudolongum-conditioned media (B.p CM) or candidate metabolites. RESULTS:B. pseudolongum was the top depleted bacterium in mice with NAFLD-HCC. Oral gavage of B. pseudolongum significantly suppressed NAFLD-HCC formation in two mouse models (p < 0.01). Incubation of NAFLD-HCC cells with B.p CM significantly suppressed cell proliferation, inhibited the G1/S phase transition and induced apoptosis. Acetate was identified as the critical metabolite generated from B. pseudolongum in B.p CM, an observation that was confirmed in germ-free mice. Acetate inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in NAFLD-HCC cell lines and suppressed NAFLD-HCC tumor formation in vivo. B. pseudolongum restored heathy gut microbiome composition and improved gut barrier function. Mechanistically, B. pseudolongum-generated acetate reached the liver via the portal vein and bound to GPR43 (G coupled-protein receptor 43) on hepatocytes. GPR43 activation suppressed the IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby preventing NAFLD-HCC progression. CONCLUSIONS:B. pseudolongum protected against NAFLD-HCC by secreting the anti-tumor metabolite acetate, which reached the liver via the portal vein. B. pseudolongum holds potential as a probiotic for the prevention of NAFLD-HCC. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC) is an increasing healthcare burden worldwide. There is an urgent need to develop effective agents to prevent NAFLD-HCC progression. Herein, we show that the probiotic Bifidobacterium pseudolongum significantly suppressed NAFLD-HCC progression by secreting acetate, which bound to hepatic GPR43 (G coupled-protein receptor 43) via the gut-liver axis and suppressed the oncogenic IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. Bifidobacterium pseudolongum holds potential as a novel probiotic for NAFLD-HCC prevention.
10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.005
The probiotic L. casei Zhang slows the progression of acute and chronic kidney disease.
Cell metabolism
The relationship between gut microbial dysbiosis and acute or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still unclear. Here, we show that oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. casei Zhang) corrected bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced gut microbial dysbiosis, alleviated kidney injury, and delayed its progression to CKD in mice. L. casei Zhang elevated the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and nicotinamide in the serum and kidney, resulting in reduced renal inflammation and damage to renal tubular epithelial cells. We also performed a 1-year phase 1 placebo-controlled study of oral L. casei Zhang use (Chinese clinical trial registry, ChiCTR-INR-17013952), which was well tolerated and slowed the decline of kidney function in individuals with stage 3-5 CKD. These results show that oral administration of L. casei Zhang, by altering SCFAs and nicotinamide metabolism, is a potential therapy to mitigate kidney injury and slow the progression of renal decline.
10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.014
Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 Reduces Depression Scores and Alters Brain Activity: A Pilot Study in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
Pinto-Sanchez Maria Ines,Hall Geoffrey B,Ghajar Kathy,Nardelli Andrea,Bolino Carolina,Lau Jennifer T,Martin Francois-Pierre,Cominetti Ornella,Welsh Christopher,Rieder Amber,Traynor Jenna,Gregory Caitlin,De Palma Giada,Pigrau Marc,Ford Alexander C,Macri Joseph,Berger Bernard,Bergonzelli Gabriela,Surette Michael G,Collins Stephen M,Moayyedi Paul,Bercik Premysl
Gastroenterology
BACKGROUND & AIMS:Probiotics can reduce symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but little is known about their effects on psychiatric comorbidities. We performed a prospective study to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 (BL) on anxiety and depression in patients with IBS. METHODS:We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 44 adults with IBS and diarrhea or a mixed-stool pattern (based on Rome III criteria) and mild to moderate anxiety and/or depression (based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale) at McMaster University in Canada, from March 2011 to May 2014. At the screening visit, clinical history and symptoms were assessed and blood samples were collected. Patients were then randomly assigned to groups and given daily BL (n = 22) or placebo (n = 22) for 6 weeks. At weeks 0, 6, and 10, we determined patients' levels of anxiety and depression, IBS symptoms, quality of life, and somatization using validated questionnaires. At weeks 0 and 6, stool, urine and blood samples were collected, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) test was performed. We assessed brain activation patterns, fecal microbiota, urine metabolome profiles, serum markers of inflammation, neurotransmitters, and neurotrophin levels. RESULTS:At week 6, 14 of 22 patients in the BL group had reduction in depression scores of 2 points or more on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, vs 7 of 22 patients in the placebo group (P = .04). BL had no significant effect on anxiety or IBS symptoms. Patients in the BL group had a mean increase in quality of life score compared with the placebo group. The fMRI analysis showed that BL reduced responses to negative emotional stimuli in multiple brain areas, including amygdala and fronto-limbic regions, compared with placebo. The groups had similar fecal microbiota profiles, serum markers of inflammation, and levels of neurotrophins and neurotransmitters, but the BL group had reduced urine levels of methylamines and aromatic amino acids metabolites. At week 10, depression scores were reduced in patients given BL vs placebo. CONCLUSION:In a placebo-controlled trial, we found that the probiotic BL reduces depression but not anxiety scores and increases quality of life in patients with IBS. These improvements were associated with changes in brain activation patterns that indicate that this probiotic reduces limbic reactivity. ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT01276626.
10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.003
Enhancing immune response, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in growing beagles through a chitooligosaccharide diet.
Frontiers in veterinary science
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have attracted significant attention due to their unique biological activities, water solubility, and absorbable properties. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of COS-supplemented diets on the immune response, antioxidative capacity, hematology, serum biochemistry, and modulation of intestinal microbiota in growing beagles. Twelve weaning male beagles (6 weeks old; weighing 3.6 ± 0.6 kg) were fed either a control diet (food without COS, = 6) or a COS-supplemented diet ( = 6) twice daily for 7 weeks. Blood samples collected at weeks 4 and 7 indicated that hematology and serum biochemistry remained unaffected by COS supplementation. Compared with the control group, the test group showed higher levels of serum antibodies against the canine distemper virus and parvovirus, higher levels of immunoglobulin A, G, and M, and increased activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. In addition, COS was observed to modulate the intestinal flora by enhancing the presence of probiotics, such as , , , , , and . In summary, a COS-supplemented diet could effectively improve dog health by regulating immune function and antioxidant responses and modulating intestinal microbiota. This study highlights the potentiality of using COS as a valuable nutraceutical for growing dogs.
10.3389/fvets.2023.1283248
Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review.
Gut microbes
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most frequently used probiotics in fermented foods and beverages and as food supplements for humans or animals, owing to their multiple beneficial features, which appear to be partially associated with their antioxidant properties. LAB can help improve food quality and flavor and prevent numerous disorders caused by oxidation in the host. In this review, we discuss the oxidative stress tolerance, the antioxidant capacity related herewith, and the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways in probiotic LAB. In addition, we discuss appropriate methods used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of probiotic LAB. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current state of the research associated with the oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of LAB.
10.1080/19490976.2020.1801944
Probiotic Consortium Confers Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Inflammatory Disorders.
Nutrients
The composition and diversity of gut microbiota significantly influence the immune system and are linked to various diseases, including inflammatory and allergy disorders. While considerable research has focused on exploring single bacterial species or consortia, the optimal strategies for microbiota-based therapeutics remain underexplored. Specifically, the comparative effectiveness of bacterial consortia versus individual species warrants further investigation. In our study, we assessed the impact of the bacterial consortium MPRO, comprising HY7712, HY8002, and HY2782, in comparison to its individual components. The administration of MPRO demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy in experimental models of atopic dermatitis and inflammatory colitis when compared to single strains. MPRO exhibited the ability to dampen inflammatory responses and alter the gut microbial landscape significantly. Notably, MPRO administration led to an increase in intestinal CD103CD11b dendritic cells, promoting the induction of regulatory T cells and the robust suppression of inflammation in experimental disease settings. Our findings advocate the preference for bacterial consortia over single strains in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, carrying potential clinical relevance.
10.3390/nu16060790
Modulation of the human gut microflora towards improved health using prebiotics--assessment of efficacy.
Tuohy K M,Rouzaud G C M,Brück W M,Gibson G R
Current pharmaceutical design
There is increasing awareness that the human gut microflora plays a critical role in maintaining host health, both within the gastrointestinal tract and, through the absorption of metabolites, systemically. An "optimal" gut microflora establishes an efficient barrier to the invasion and colonisation of the gut by pathogenic bacteria, produces a range of metabolic substrates which in turn are utilized by the host (e.g. vitamins and short chain fatty acids) and stimulates the immune system in a non-inflammatory manner. Although little is known about the individual species of bacteria responsible for these beneficial activities, it is generally accepted that the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli constitute important components of the beneficial gut microflora. A number of diet-based microflora management tools have been developed and refined over recent decades including probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic approaches. Each aims to stimulate numbers and/or activities of the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli within the gut microflora. The aim of this article is to examine how prebiotics are being applied to the improvement of human health and to review the scientific evidence supporting their use.
Quantitative Risk-Benefit Analysis of Probiotic Use for Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Bennett William E
Drug safety
Probiotics have seen widespread use for a variety of gastrointestinal problems, especially in two common disorders: irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Since a wide variety of probiotic preparations has been used, and despite a large number of studies performed, a great deal of heterogeneity exists among them. Straightforward evidence-based recommendations for the use of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease have thus been difficult to formulate. In an effort to improve understanding of the risk-benefit balance of probiotics in these conditions, this study (1) queried the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database for all reported adverse drug events related to probiotics in 2013, and (2) constructed risk-benefit planes for both irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease using a geometric approximation of the confidence region between risk and benefit. The results show that adverse events from probiotics vary widely by disease, and when they occur, they are mild and may be difficult to distinguish from the natural history of the underlying disorders they are used to treat. The risk-benefit plane for irritable bowel syndrome straddles the risk-benefit threshold, so patients can expect a balance between a low chance of risk and also a low chance of benefit. The risk-benefit plane for inflammatory bowel disease largely lies above the risk-benefit threshold, so patients may expect more benefit than risk in most cases. More standardized and high-quality research is needed to improve our understanding of risk and benefit for these complex biopharmaceuticals.
10.1007/s40264-015-0349-x
The therapeutic effect of probiotic bacteria on gastrointestinal diseases.
Sarowska Jolanta,Choroszy-Król Irena,Regulska-Ilow Bożena,Frej-Mądrzak Magdalena,Jama-Kmiecik Agnieszka
Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University
The cause of many gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic inflammatory bowel disease: inflammatory and necrotizing enterocolitis or diarrhea: infectious, traveler's diarrhea, and diarrhea caused by antibiotic treatment is an imbalance of intestinal microflora. Probiotics are live microorganisms, which administered in sufficient quantities, have beneficial health effects. The phenomenon of eating probiotic products started 100 years ago, when the first reports showed beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human health. Since then, probiotic preparations have become an essential element in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Currently, probiotics are of the utmost importance in supporting the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and autoimmune disorders. Probiotic microorganisms are primarily lactic acid-producing bacteria of the general Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium. Many studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of probiotics, particularly in the treatment of acute diarrhea. This applies in particular to diarrhea of viral etiology, especially in infants and young children.
The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health.
Rolfe R D
The Journal of nutrition
The use of probiotics to enhance intestinal health has been proposed for many years. Probiotics are traditionally defined as viable microorganisms that have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of specific pathologic conditions when they are ingested. There is a relatively large volume of literature that supports the use of probiotics to prevent or treat intestinal disorders. However, the scientific basis of probiotic use has been firmly established only recently, and sound clinical studies have begun to be published. Currently, the best-studied probiotics are the lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. However, other organisms used as probiotics in humans include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacteroides sp., Bacillus sp., Propionibacterium sp. and various fungi. Some probiotic preparations contain mixtures of more than one bacterial strain. Probiotics have been examined for their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of a diverse spectrum of gastrointestinal disorders such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea (including Clostridium difficile-associated intestinal disease), infectious bacterial and viral diarrhea (including diarrhea caused by rotavirus, Shigella, Salmonella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Vibrio cholerae and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency disorder, enteral feeding diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori gastroenteritis, sucrase maltase deficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and lactose intolerance. Probiotics have been found to inhibit intestinal bacterial enzymes involved in the synthesis of colonic carcinogens. There are many mechanisms by which probiotics enhance intestinal health, including stimulation of immunity, competition for limited nutrients, inhibition of epithelial and mucosal adherence, inhibition of epithelial invasion and production of antimicrobial substances. Probiotics represent an exciting prophylactic and therapeutic advance, although additional investigations must be undertaken before their role in intestinal health can be delineated clearly.
10.1093/jn/130.2.396S
Probiotic bacteria as modulators of cellular senescence: emerging concepts and opportunities.
Sharma Rohit,Padwad Yogendra
Gut microbes
Probiotic bacteria are increasingly gaining importance in human nutrition owing to their multifaceted health beneficial effects. Studies have also shown that probiotic supplementation is useful in mitigating age-associated oxi-inflammatory stress, immunosenescence, and gut dysbiosis thereby promoting health and longevity. However, our current understanding of the process of aging suggests a strong interrelationship between the accumulation of senescent cells and the development of aging phenotype, including the predisposition to age-related disorders. The present review studies the documented pro-longevity effects of probiotics and highlights how these beneficial attributes of probiotics could be related to the mitigation of cellular senescence. We present a perspective that to fully understand and comprehend the anti-aging characteristics of probiotic bacteria; it is imperative that probiotics or their synbiotic amalgamation with plant polyphenols, be studied under the purview of cellular senescence, that may ultimately help devise probiotic-based anti-senescence strategies.
10.1080/19490976.2019.1697148
Probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 Improves Protein Absorption and Utilization.
Jäger Ralf,Purpura Martin,Farmer Sean,Cash Howard A,Keller David
Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins
Probiotics offer numerous health benefits, including digestive and immune health. Improved digestive health is linked to a more efficient absorption of important nutrients from our diet. This review focused on the rationale of using the probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 to aid protein absorption and utilization. B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 can withstand the acidic environment of the stomach to reach the intestine where it germinates. Once active in the small intestine after germination, it has been shown to aid the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. Co-administration of B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 with protein has been shown to increase protein absorption and to maximize the health benefits associated with protein supplementation.
10.1007/s12602-017-9354-y
Next-Generation Probiotic Therapy to Protect the Intestines From Injury.
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, provide health benefits to the host. Some strains of the probiotic () have both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that may be exploited for the treatment and prevention of different gastrointestinal diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and () infection. Our laboratory has developed a new delivery system for in which the probiotic is incubated with biocompatible, semipermeable, porous dextranomer microspheres (DM) that can be loaded with beneficial and diffusible cargo. can be induced to form a biofilm by incubating the bacteria on the surface of these microspheres, which enhances the efficacy of the probiotic. Loading the DM with sucrose or maltose induces to produce more biofilm, further increasing the efficacy of the probiotic. Using a rat model of NEC, administered in its biofilm state significantly increases animal survival, reduces the incidence of NEC, preserves gut barrier function, and decreases intestinal inflammation. In a murine model of infection, administered in its biofilm state decreases colitis when administered either before or after induction, demonstrating both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. There are currently no FDA-approved probiotic preparations for human use. An FDA-approved phase I clinical trial of in its biofilm state in healthy adults is currently underway. The results of this trial will be used to support a phase 1 clinical trial in neonates, with the goal of utilizing in its biofilm state to prevent NEC in premature neonates in the future.
10.3389/fcimb.2022.863949
Probiotics: from functional foods to pharmaceutical products.
Bansal Tripta,Garg Sanjay
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
The concept of probiotics now has been around for more than a century, with its consumption increasing exponentially; owing to exciting scientific and clinical findings, limiting side effects of existing pharmaceutical agents and increased consumer demand for natural products. But, the evidence for their safety and efficacy has largely been anecdotal, lacking an integrated scientific basis. Clinical studies conducted with probiotics were of inadequate design and resulted in unreliable data. That is the reason why despite having innumerable potential therapeutic uses probiotics are not being universally accepted. The purpose of present article is to amalgamate various branches of research which would help in development of "better", "commercial" and "pharmaceutical" probiotic products with defined strength, mechanism of action and indication. Probiotics have been classified into oral and vaginal in accordance to their route of administration, describing the health benefits. The article summarizes the research on significance of strain selection, interactions with co-administered agents and appropriate clinical studies uncovering the safety issues. There is a special emphasis on pharmaceutical issues including probiotic delivery systems, technological challenges during formulation, regulatory concerns, quality control and market potential. Developments in the techniques for in vitro evaluation have also been discussed.
Current and potential uses of probiotics.
Vanderhoof Jon A,Young Rosemary J
Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology
OBJECTIVE:To present data that support the current and potential use of probiotics in treating or preventing allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and other disorders. DATA SOURCES:Case reports, double-blind studies, and animal studies were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION:Studies were selected based on the expert opinion of the authors. CONCLUSIONS:Well-designed research studies suggest that supplementary consumption of certain probiotic strains may temporarily alter the intestinal microflora of infants and children to produce a beneficial effect. However, generalization of probiotic effects must not be made and critical scientific evaluation must be used in directing patients to select the appropriate probiotic.
10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61730-9
The Role of Combining Probiotics in Preventing and Controlling Inflammation: A Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in an Model of IBD.
Canadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology
Objective:IBD is an inflammatory disease with abnormalities such as dysbiosis and abnormal immune system activity. Probiotics, as live beneficial microorganisms, play a role in maintaining health through various mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune system and the control of inflammation. Here, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of a probiotic mixture of spp. and spp. in modulating JAK/STAT and NF-kB inflammatory signaling pathways. Method:A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was conducted to analyze the expression of JAK/STAT and inflammatory genes after treatment with the probiotic mixture before, after, and simultaneously with the sonicated pathogen in the HT-29 cell line. The production of IL-6 and IL-1 after probiotic treatment was investigated via cytokine assay. Results:Treatment with probiotics resulted in downregulation of , , , and genes in the NF-kB pathway and / genes compared with sonicat-treated cells as inflammation inducers. The production of IL-6 and IL-1 decreased after probiotic treatment. Conclusions:The probiotic mixture of spp. and spp. showed anti-inflammatory effects by modulating JAK/STAT and NF-kB signaling pathways. The use of probiotics could be considered as an appropriate complementary treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
10.1155/2022/2045572
Probiotics: established effects and open questions.
von Wright A,Salminen S
European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology
Human intestinal microflora is a complex ecosystem with hundreds of bacterial species. Its metabolic functions and interactions with the host probably affect the human health and well being, but these effects are extremely difficult to study. However, for about 100 years, the idea of modifying the composition of colonic flora by consuming viable bacteria in order to improve the quality of life and to prevent and treat intestinal disorders has had some popularity. Solid clinical data have usually been lacking to support the health claims associated with these so-called probiotics. The situation, however, is rapidly changing. Competent clinical studies are accumulating, showing that specific probiotic microbes, mainly lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, can alleviate or prevent diverse intestinal disorders and reduce the risk of some intestinal diseases. Some indication of the mechanisms of action can also be deduced from the data available, while rapidly developing molecular biological methods offer new tools to verify the survival of the probiotics in the gut and the subsequent adhesion to mucosae. While development of foods containing probiotic bacteria has a great potential for the food industry and can be expected to positively affect the general health of the population, safety considerations have to be taken into account while introducing new species or strains without a previous history of safe food use.
Effects of probiotics on the gastrointestinal tract.
Snelling Anna M
Current opinion in infectious diseases
PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of what gastrointestinal disorders probiotics can be of benefit for, focussing on conditions associated with infection or disruption of the normal gut flora. New insights into the effects administered strains can have in the gut, their safety, and potential for future development, will also be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS:Recent clinical studies have shown that probiotics can protect young children from diarrhoeal illness, including antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. They may also protect neonates from necrotizing enterocolitis. In adults, they can help prevent or reduce the severity of diarrhoeal illness, and ameliorate side-effects for those undergoing antibiotic therapy for infection. Researchers are looking at combining probiotics with prebiotics to enhance anti-inflammatory effects and restore colonization resistance of the commensal flora. New technologies are elucidating complex effects on gene expression in the gut, the probiotic, and bacterial pathogens. Recombinant strains capable of binding bacterial toxins are being developed as novel therapeutics against gastrointestinal infection. SUMMARY:Considering the clinical trial evidence of therapeutic benefit, probiotics are an underused treatment modality for prevention and amelioration of diarrhoeal illness. Better understanding of strain-specific effects, dosing regimens and any contraindications should help resolve this.
10.1097/01.qco.0000182103.32504.e3
Psychobiotics: the Influence of Gut Microbiota on the Gut-Brain Axis in Neurological Disorders.
Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN
Nervous system disorders are one of the common problems that affect many people around the world every year. Regarding the beneficial effects of the probiotics on the gut and the gut-brain axis, their application along with current medications has been the subject of intense interest. Psychobiotics are a probiotic strain capable to affect the gut-brain axis. The effective role of Psychobiotics in several neurological disorders is documented. Consumption of the Psychobiotics containing nutrients has positive effects on the improvement of microbiota as well as alleviation of some symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In the present study, the effects of probiotic strains on some CNS disorders in terms of controlling the disease symptoms were reviewed. Finding suggests that Psychobiotics can efficiently alleviate the symptoms of several CNS disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, insomnia, depression, diabetic neuropathy, and anorexia nervosa. It can be concluded that functional foods containing psychotropic strains can help to improve mental health.
10.1007/s12031-022-02053-3
[Microbiota and probiotics: effects on human health].
Coudeyras Sophie,Forestier Christiane
Canadian journal of microbiology
All accessible mucous membranes of the human body are colonized by an abundant and diversified microbial flora called microbiota. Recent studies have shown that these microorganisms, long regarded as purely commensal, have essential beneficial effects on human health. Thus, numerous human ailments are linked to dysbiosis; that is, imbalances in the microflora composition. The administration of probiotic microorganisms could, in some situations, provide substantial relief from such disorders. These live microorganisms, which, according to the definition, confer a health benefit to the host when administered in adequate amounts, are often derived from human flora and belong mostly to lactic acid bacteria, in particular to the genus Lactobacillus. The constant improvement of knowledge of the role of human microbiota and the growing popularity of probiotics are now opening the door to new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human health.
10.1139/w10-052
Indications for the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases.
Girardin Marc,Seidman Ernest G
Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
Probiotics are live microbial organisms that are present in foods or dietary supplements and that confer health benefits to the host when ingested in sufficient quantities. Probiotics can be bacterial (e.g. Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp.) or yeasts (e.g. Saccharomyces boulardii). The administration of probiotics is often believed to be by and large beneficial for individuals with inflammatory or infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. These positive effects are generally attributed to the ability of probiotics to regulate intestinal permeability, normalize host intestinal flora, improve gut immune barrier function, and equilibrate the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Of note, however, these claims are not always substantiated by findings from properly conducted clinical trials. Of particular importance, even when results from randomized controlled trials support the beneficial effects of a particular probiotic for a specific indication, the benefits achieved by the probiotic are generally not translatable to other probiotic formulations. This review discusses the gastrointestinal indications for probiotic use and describes the level of evidence that supports the use of specific probiotics for these indications. Several indications are addressed, including enteric infections, gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and irritable bowel syndrome.
10.1159/000332980
Mechanisms of action of probiotics: recent advances.
Ng S C,Hart A L,Kamm M A,Stagg A J,Knight S C
Inflammatory bowel diseases
The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining immune homeostasis. In controlled clinical trials probiotic bacteria have demonstrated a benefit in treating gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious diarrhea in children, recurrent Clostridium difficile-induced infection, and some inflammatory bowel diseases. This evidence has led to the proof of principle that probiotic bacteria can be used as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate human diseases. The precise mechanisms influencing the crosstalk between the microbe and the host remain unclear but there is growing evidence to suggest that the functioning of the immune system at both a systemic and a mucosal level can be modulated by bacteria in the gut. Recent compelling evidence has demonstrated that manipulating the microbiota can influence the host. Several new mechanisms by which probiotics exert their beneficial effects have been identified and it is now clear that significant differences exist between different probiotic bacterial species and strains; organisms need to be selected in a more rational manner to treat disease. Mechanisms contributing to altered immune function in vivo induced by probiotic bacteria may include modulation of the microbiota itself, improved barrier function with consequent reduction in immune exposure to microbiota, and direct effects of bacteria on different epithelial and immune cell types. These effects are discussed with an emphasis on those organisms that have been used to treat human inflammatory bowel diseases in controlled clinical trials.
10.1002/ibd.20602
[Probiotics--an alternative for antibiotics?].
Trafalska Elzbieta,Grzybowska Krystyna
Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)
The condition and function of gastrointestinal (GI) tract are essential to our well being. Probiotics are defined as the microbial food supplements, which beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Probiotics are the functional food ingredients. They are used therapeutically to improve lactose tolerance and to prevent diarrhoea (especially viral diarrhoea in infants, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and traveler's diarrhoea). Clinical studies suggest that probiotics might be useful in stimulation of the immune system, prevention of allergic diseases, control of GI tract inflammatory diseases and cancer prevention. Probiotic microbial species act by changing the composition of the gut microbionta. The use of non-digestible oligosaccharides (prebiotics) can fortify intestinal microflora and stimulate their growth. This review encompasses information regarding probiotic strains, prebiotics and commercially products (functional food), which can be useful in improving our health.
New methods for selecting and evaluating probiotics.
Gueimonde Miguel,Salminen Seppo
Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver
Recent studies have increased our understanding on the mechanistic basis of the proposed probiotic health effects. Well designed human studies have demonstrated that specific probiotic strains have health benefits in the human population. These have led to a wide acceptation of the probiotic concept. However, current probiotics have not been selected for specific purposes. Novel methods to select and characterise target-specific probiotic strains are thus needed. In addition to the traditional selection procedures, in recent years, knowledge on intestinal microbiota, nutrition, immunity and mechanisms of action has increased dramatically and can now be combined with genomic data to allow the isolation and characterization of new target- or site-specific probiotics. We should expect to see new, third generation probiotics emerging in the near future and also new selection criteria further defining the targets of future probiotics.
10.1016/S1590-8658(07)60003-6
Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
McFarland Lynne V,Dublin Sascha
World journal of gastroenterology
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic condition affecting 3%-25% of the general population. As no curative treatment is available, therapy is aimed at reducing symptoms, often with little success. Because alteration of the normal intestinal microflora has been observed in IBS, probiotics (beneficial microbes taken to improve health) may be useful in reducing symptoms. This paper systematically reviews randomized, controlled, blinded trials of probiotics for the treatment of IBS and synthesizes data on efficacy across trials of adequate quality. PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, NIH registry of clinical trials, metaRegister, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1982-2007. We also conducted secondary searches of reference lists, reviews, commentaries, relevant articles on associated diseases, books and meeting abstracts. Twenty trials with 23 probiotic treatment arms and a total of 1404 subjects met inclusion criteria. Probiotic use was associated with improvement in global IBS symptoms compared to placebo [pooled relative risk (RR pooled) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.62-0.94]. Probiotics were also associated with less abdominal pain compared to placebo [RR pooled = 0.78 (0.69-0.88)]. Too few studies reported data on other IBS symptoms or on specific probiotic strains to allow estimation of a pooled RR. While our analyses suggest that probiotic use may be associated with improvement in IBS symptoms compared to placebo, these results should be interpreted with caution, given the methodological limitations of contributing studies. Probiotics warrant further study as a potential therapy for IBS.
10.3748/wjg.14.2650
The use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease.
Madsen K L
Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie
Probiotics are living microorganisms that can affect the host in a beneficial manner. Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria already established in the colon. Efficacy of probiotic compounds has been shown in a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. Lactobacillus GG alone, or the combination of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus, is effective in the treatment of Clostridium difficile, as well as in preventing the frequency and severity of infectious acute diarrhea in children. Prevention of antibiotic-induced diarrhea with the concomitant administration of either Lactobacillus GG or Saccharomyces boulardii has been demonstrated. The most successful studies involve the use of Lactobacillus GG at a dose of 1 x 1010 viable organisms per day and the yeast boulardii at a dose of 1 g/day. A probiotic preparation (VSL#3 - 6 g/day) that uses a combination of three species of Bifidobacterium, four strains of Lactobacillus and one strain of Streptocccus has shown promise in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis and pouchitis, as well as in preventing the postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. The mechanism of action of probiotics may include receptor competition, effects on mucin secretion or probiotic immunomodulation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Oral administration of probiotic compounds has been demonstrated to be well tolerated and safe. However, while probiotics have the potential to improve human health and to prevent and treat some diseases, major improvements are needed in labelling and quality assurance procedures for probiotic compounds. In addition, well planned and controlled clinical studies are necessary to delineate fully the potential for probiotic compounds.
10.1155/2001/690741
Positive interactions with the microbiota: probiotics.
Kalliomäki Marko,Salminen Seppo,Isolauri Erika
Advances in experimental medicine and biology
Rigorous research in the field of probiotics is a fairly new phenomenon although first reports about beneficial effects of specific gut bacteria on human health originated already a century ago. A prerequisite for such a scrutiny has been a definition of criteria for probiotics. Recently, novel molecular technologies have characterized both potential targets of probiotic action, like gut microbiota and established and candidate probiotic strains in more detail. We thus propose here revised criteria for selection ofprobiotics. In addition to several promising clinical studies e.g., in the prevention and treatment of atopic eczema, certain probiotics have been found to maintain intestinal equilibrium by enhancing the gut mucosal barrier via manipulation of expression of several their own and the host's genes. Introduction of genetic engineering has provided advanced tools to amend probiotics' properties in the fight against different inflammatory conditions.
10.1007/978-0-387-09550-9_5
Potential of Probiotics in Hypercholesterolemia: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Findings.
Sharma Smriti,Puri Seema,Kurpad Anura V
Alternative therapies in health and medicine
Context • Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major public health problem in developing and developed countries. Elevated cholesterol levels, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and the emergence of CHD, have been positively correlated in many clinical and epidemiological studies. The health benefits of probiotics have received a great deal of attention, including their blood cholesterol-lowering effects on humans. Objective • The research team intended to determine the current state of research examining the effects of various probiotic strains on lipid profiles, including measures in serum of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Design • The review examined studies, in both animal and human models and focused on the potential of various probiotic strains to be dietary adjuncts in lowering levels of serum cholesterol with the aim of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CHD. Articles were reviewed systematically from Web search bases including PubMed and Cochrane Clinical Trial Registry. Articles meeting the inclusion search criteria were selected for further review and analysis. Only randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of probiotics on lipid profiles in animals or humans were considered for inclusion in the review. Setting • The selection of articles and further inclusion in the review was performed in Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi (New Delhi, India). Results • Some of the studies, in both animal and human models, have revealed that several strains were able to improve at least 1 lipid fraction. Although the results from animal studies have been fairly consistent, the findings from studies on humans have varied. Some strains when evaluated in human studies have shown insignificant effects on lipid fractions. Conclusions • Although several mechanisms for cholesterol removal by probiotics have been proposed, they need further investigation to be validated.
Clinical Evidence on the Potential Beneficial Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Cardiovascular Disease.
International journal of molecular sciences
The 'gut microbiome'-the hundreds of trillions of bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract-serves several functions. The gut microbiome includes all the microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi in the gastrointestinal tract and their genetic material. It helps digest indigestible foods and produces nutrients. Through the metabolism of sugars and proteins, it helps the intestinal barrier, the immune system, and metabolism. Some bacteria, such as those in the gut microbiome, cause disease, but others are essential to our health. These "good" microbes protect us from pathogens. Numerous studies have linked an unhealthy gut microbiome to obesity, insulin resistance, depression, and cardiometabolic risk factors. To maximize probiotic benefits in each case, knowledge of probiotic bacterial strains and how to consume them should be increased. This study aims to examine the benefits of probiotic and prebiotic organisms on cardiovascular health, specifically on heart disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, and hypertension. To complete the research, a literature review was conducted by gathering clinical studies and data. The clinical evidence demonstrates the beneficial effect of probiotics and prebiotic microorganisms on the gut microbiome, which has multiple benefits for overall health and especially for cardiovascular diseases.
10.3390/ijms232415898
Lactobacillus and intestinal diseases: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications.
Microbiological research
The gut microbial ecosystem, which is a collection of the host-microbiota interactions and the inter-species interplay among bacteria-dominated microbiota, has become a research hotspot due to its contribution to host health in recent years. Lactobacillus, which has worldwide usage in fermented dairy products, has aroused increasing attention and becomes one of the commonly used probiotics given its promising applications in intestinal health and disease, though it occupies a relatively small proportion of the intestinal microbiota. In the review, we first update the current understanding of determinants of Lactobacillus abundance in the intestinal tract. We then review evidence from animal models to human trials that provided insights into Lactobacillus's applications in common intestinal disorders including the Helicobacter pylori infection, colorectal cancer, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. Mechanisms underlying the probiotic role of Lactobacillus are finally discussed in five aspects: microbial interactions, the improvement of intestinal barrier function, the immunoregulation, the anticancer activity, and the metabolic regulation. This review aims to yield a profound understanding of how Lactobacillus will contribute to disease prevention and individualized therapies in future clinical practice, and to inspire novel microbial strategies utilizing both probiotics and their products in the fields of biology and medicine.
10.1016/j.micres.2022.127019
Probiotics: an emerging therapy.
O'Sullivan G C,Kelly P,O'Halloran S,Collins C,Collins J K,Dunne C,Shanahan F
Current pharmaceutical design
There is considerable clinical interest in the utility of probiotic therapy--the feeding of (live) non-pathogenic bacteria, originally derived from the alimentary tract, for disease treatment or health promotion. The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is essential for mucosal protection, for immune education and for metabolism of fecal residue. Physiological disturbances of these processes, when they occur, result from: i) alteration of a microbial ecosystem, originally conserved by evolution; ii) reduced consumption of microorganisms; iii) invasion of pathogens; or iv) modern interventions. Recent data support the use of proven probiotic organisms in prevention and treatment of flora-related gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, infectious and antibiotic related diarrheas, and post-resection disorders including pouchitis. Therapeutic activity of probiotic bacteria can be due to competition with pathogens for nutrients and mucosal adherence, production of antimicrobial substances, and modulation of mucosal immune functions. Although a promising treatment, controlled clinical trials are necessary to validate the benefit of probiotics.
Immunomodulation and Anticancer Immunity: Reviewing the Potential of Probiotics and Their Delivery with Macromolecular Carriers.
Tiwari Sanjay,Dwivedi Mitesh,Rathod Sachin,Bahadur Pratap
Critical reviews in therapeutic drug carrier systems
Probiotics colonize in the gastrointestinal tract and regulate the homeostasis in healthy human hosts. These protect the host against putrefactive organisms and secrete soluble factors exhibiting important transductive roles. However, constitutive processes in human host are deregulated following dysbiosis caused during prolonged exposure to cytotoxic agents and pollutants. Apart from restoring the homeostasis, probiotic administration has shown to minimize carcinogenesis and post-surgery complications in cancer patients. Moreover, ability of microbial cells to colonize at tumor foci can be harnessed to deliver genes, therapeutic proteins and antibodies in a selective manner. In this review, we have discussed immunomodulatory roles of probiotics in context to cancer prevention. The article further proposes the use of dietary interventions for boosting anticancer immunity and as an alternative to detrimental chemotherapeutic agents. After summarizing clinical evidences on probiotic efficacy, formulation approaches have been described for effective delivery of the microorganisms. The literature shows that polysaccharide matrices can be employed to achieve the survivability of probiotics. Formulation approaches have been reviewed together with the risks associated with the migration of live microorganisms to systemic circulation and their ability of transmitting antibiotic resistance factors into human pathogens.
10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2021040045
[Probiotics: from the lab to the consumer].
Rodríguez J M
Nutricion hospitalaria
INTRODUCTION:In the last years, the field of probiotics has grown notably. However, out of the thousands of strains isolated each year in the labs around the world, very few enter in a phase of industrial development and even a lower number go to the market. OBJECTIVE:In this article, the main aspects that have to be taken into account in the, usually, long and winding road that a strain must follow from isolation to the market are reviewed Results and conclusions: A probiotic microorganism has to be correctly identified at the species and strain levels. The genome sequence is the gold identification standard and provides valuable information on the safety, functionality and technological properties of a strain. The cases in which a link between a probiotic and an adverse effect has been established are scarce and have involved people with underlying pathologies. There is a wide variety of in vitro, ex vivo and animal model assays for the screening of probiotics, which provide useful information throughout the selection process; however, correctly designed clinical trials are the only way to obtain direct results on the safety and efficacy of a probiotic to the target population. Probiotic companies have the need to obtain a very high bacterial biomass in an economically viable manner while preserving the concentration of live bacteria required for exerting the expected beneficial effect until the end of the probiotic's shelf life. Finally, commercial aspects play a key role in the decision of starting an industrial development and, eventually, to place a probiotic in the market.
10.3305/nh.2015.31.sup1.8705
Use of Traditional and Genetically Modified Probiotics in Human Health: What Does the Future Hold?
Bermúdez-Humarán Luis G,Langella Philippe
Microbiology spectrum
Probiotics are live, nonpathogenic microorganisms that confer benefits to human health when administered in adequate amounts. Among the frequent proposed health benefits attributed to probiotics, their ability to interact with the host immune system is now well demonstrated. Although history has revealed that probiotics were part of fermented foods in the past, clinicians have started to use them therapeutically in regular diets. Moreover, the use of genetically modified probiotics to deliver molecules of therapeutic interest is gaining importance as an extension of the probiotic concept. This chapter summarizes some of the recent findings and perspectives on the use of both traditional and genetically modified probiotics to treat human diseases as well as what the future may hold concerning the use of these probiotics in humans.
10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0016-2016
Recent Advances in Clinical Utility of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders.
Biswasroy Prativa,Pradhan Deepak,Sahu Dipak K,Sahu Amita,Ghosh Goutam,Rath Goutam
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
Clinically, probiotics have a significant role in nutrition, immune function, and maintenance of gut homeostasis. Unfortunately, the widespread use of antibiotics disrupts the symbiotic balance of gut microbiota, leading to the development of several gastrointestinal disorders. A recent study suggesting a combination of appropriate probiotics and prebiotics through its ability to fix dysbiosis issues has emerged as a potential alternative to treat various pathological conditions of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT). Evidenced-based clinical research suggests that probiotic's effectiveness depends on several factors including strain, dose, host immune system, underlying pathology, and duration of therapy. Moreover, the microflora enriched medium reinforces the host defense against chemical and microbial challenges. However, the limited information available to understand the molecular basis by which probiotic maintains the gut homeostasis. The objective of this review to emphasize recent clinical outcomes and possible mechanisms involved in probiotic action to combat the GIT disorders.
10.2174/1389201021666201029154239
Probiotics in Experimental Ulcerative Colitis: Mast Cell Density and Neuronal Hypertrophy.
The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology
BACKGROUND:Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are among the supportive treatment methods to achieve effective results in ulcerative colitis. This study was established to investigate the effect of probiotics in experimental ulcerative colitis and to detect changes in mast cell and neuronal structures in this treatment method. METHODS:A total of 48 adult male rats were used to study the effects of probiotics on ulcerative colitis. The animals were divided into 6 groups as control, experimental colitis, and four probiotic protective groups. Three different bacterial strains were administered to the protective groups individually and in combination by gavage. PGP 9.5 antibody and mast cell tryptase were used for the detection of neuronal structures and mast cells. The number of Schwann cells and ganglia, size measurements of ganglia, and density of mast cells were evaluated. RESULTS:Compared to the control, an increase in the number of mast cells was detected in all groups. Especially the increase in the num- ber of mast cells was found to be statistically significant in combined probiotic administration. In the detection of neuronal structures, a significant increase in the number of Schwann cells and ganglia was detected in groups where probiotics were administered combined and individually. CONCLUSION:These results suggest that probiotics may play a role in the supporting effect of increasing the number of mast cells and neuronal structures, protecting the intestinal wall. We think that more specific and detailed studies should be conducted to evaluate the protective/therapeutic effect of probiotics in future studies.
10.5152/tjg.2022.21550
The Potential Role of Probiotics in Cancer Prevention and Treatment.
Yu Ai-Qun,Li Lianqin
Nutrition and cancer
The human gut microbiota has a significant effect on many aspects of human physiology such as metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Imbalance of the microbiota has been implicated in many disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, asthma, psychiatric illnesses, and cancers. As a kind of functional foods, probiotics have been shown to play a protective role against cancer development in animal models. Clinical application of probiotics indicated that some probiotic strains could diminish the incidence of postoperative inflammation in cancer patients. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy-related diarrhea was relieved in patients who were administered oral probiotics. The present review summarizes the up-to-date studies on probiotic effects and the underlying mechanisms related to cancer. At present, it is commonly accepted that most commercial probiotic products are generally safe and can improve the health of the host. By modulating intestinal microbiota and immune response, some strains of probiotics can be used as an adjuvant for cancer prevention or/and treatment.
10.1080/01635581.2016.1158300
Probiotics from research to market: the possibilities, risks and challenges.
Foligné Benoit,Daniel Catherine,Pot Bruno
Current opinion in microbiology
Probiotic foods can affect large parts of the population, while therapeutic applications have a less wide scope. While commercialization routes and regulatory requirements differ for both applications, both will need good scientific support. Today, probiotics are mainly used for gastrointestinal applications, their use can easily be extended to skin, oral and vaginal health. While most probiotics currently belong to food-grade species, the future may offer new functional microorganisms in food and pharma. This review discusses the crosstalk between probiotic producers, regulatory people, medical care and healthcare workers, and the scientific community.
10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.008
Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review.
Tamboli Cyrus P,Caucheteux Christel,Cortot Antoine,Colombel Jean-Frédéric,Desreumaux Pierre
Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology
Intestinal bacteria play a key role in inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics attempt to modify disease by favourably altering bacterial composition, immune status, and inflammation. Until recently, probiotic therapy was considered 'folk' medicine, but there now is emerging interest on the part of the general public and scientific communities in the use of probiotics in human disease. This practical, evidence-based review examines probiotics as therapy for inflammatory bowel disease in humans. There are very few such published randomized clinical trials, but some data exist that possibly show an efficacy of probiotics as maintenance therapy in chronic relapsing pouchitis. Obstacles to providing probiotic therapy include selection of appropriate strains, poorly regulated probiotic quality standardization, processing and human biologic factors which impair probiotic viability, difficulty in maintaining new bacterial populations in the gut, and local product unavailability. Studies have focused on specific inflammatory bowel disease subgroups, limiting general applicability for the practitioner. Basic research highlights the importance of bacteria in these conditions, and the possibility that probiotics will modify physiological parameters. Well-designed, randomized clinical studies are still required to define the role of probiotics as therapeutic agents in inflammatory bowel disease.
10.1016/s1521-6918(03)00076-3
Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea.
Allen S J,Okoko B,Martinez E,Gregorio G,Dans L F
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
BACKGROUND:Probiotics are microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells that have a beneficial effect on the health and well being of the host. Probiotics may offer a safe intervention in acute infectious diarrhoea to reduce the duration and severity of the illness. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of probiotics in proven or presumed infectious diarrhoea. SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group's trials register (December 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2002), MEDLINE (1966 to 2002), EMBASE (1988 to 2002), and reference lists from studies and reviews. We also contacted organizations and individuals working in the field, and pharmaceutical companies manufacturing probiotic agents. SELECTION CRITERIA:Randomized controlled trials comparing a specified probiotic agent with placebo or no probiotic in people with acute diarrhoea that is proven or presumed to be caused by an infectious agent. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Two reviewers independently assessed trial methodological quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS:Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 1917 participants, mainly in countries with low overall mortality rates. Trials varied in relation to the probiotic(s) tested, dosage, methodological quality, and the diarrhoea definitions and outcomes. Probiotics reduced the risk of diarrhoea at 3 days (relative risk 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.77, random effects model; 15 studies) and the mean duration of diarrhoea by 30.48 hours (95% confidence interval 18.51 to 42.46 hours, random effects model, 12 studies). Subgroup analysis by probiotic(s) tested, rotavirus diarrhoea, national mortality rates, and age of participants did not fully account for the heterogeneity. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS:Probiotics appear to be a useful adjunct to rehydration therapy in treating acute, infectious diarrhoea in adults and children. More research is needed to inform the use of particular probiotic regimens in specific patient groups.
10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub2
Review: The market of probiotics.
Di Cerbo Alessandro,Palmieri Beniamino
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
The advertising of probiotics in diary products on the market has claimed several health-improving properties, including prevention and treatment of obesity, cardiovascular diseases and cancer prophylaxis, osteoporosis and arthritis treatment, diabetes management and control of hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, it is reasonable to emphasize the perspective of a new self-care and integrative medicine season, where food industry is turned to research-oriented management with putative clinical goals to be achieved. We searched Pubmed/Medline using the terms "probiotics" and "market". Selected papers until 2013 were chosen on the basis of their content (clinical evidence-based quality). We performed an accurate investigation on the so-called "probiotic market", leading to better understanding the role of nutraceutical products in the human clinical nutrition physiology. As nutraceutical products are sold all over the world, information, provided by this review may be useful to evaluate their potential impact on human health.
Effects of probiotics on bone mineral density and bone turnover: A systematic review.
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
Probiotic supplements have been shown to improve bone health in animal models, although it remains uncertain whether these beneficial effects extend to humans. We undertook a systematic review of the literature to determine the effects of probiotic interventions on skeletal outcomes in postmenopausal women. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from inception to October 2020 for controlled trials comparing the effects of probiotic-containing supplements with placebo on bone mineral density (BMD) or bone turnover markers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 Tool. Of 338 records identified, six randomized, placebo-controlled trials ( = 632) were eligible for inclusion. All studies assessed postmenopausal women for durations of 6-12 months; three were considered to be at high risk of bias. Four studies examined Lactobacillus-containing probiotics, one assessed a proprietary blend of lactic acid bacteria, and one evaluated . Effects of probiotic interventions on BMD were inconsistent, with the majority of studies demonstrating no benefit at the spine or hip. Probiotic effects on bone turnover markers were similarly heterogeneous. High quality studies are needed to determine whether probiotic interventions have a role in maintaining bone health in humans.
10.1080/10408398.2021.1998760
Potential Impacts of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Cancer Prevention.
Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry
BACKGROUND:Cancer is a serious problem throughout the world. The pathophysiology of cancer is multifactorial and is also related to gut microbiota. Intestinal microbes are the useful resident of the healthy human. They are significant for various aspects of human health, including nutritional biotransformation, flushing of the pathogens, toxin neutralization, immune response, and onco-suppression. Disruption in the interactions among the gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, and the host immune system are associated with gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp.) have been regarded as beneficial to health. Moreover, they also play a significant role in immunomodulation and a preventive measure against obesity, diabetes, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, tumor progression, and cancer. OBJECTIVE:The involvement of gut microorganisms in cancer development and prevention has been recognized as a balancing factor. The events of dysbiosis emphasize metabolic disorder and carcinogenesis. The gut flora potentiates immunomodulation and minimizes the limitations of usual chemotherapy. The significant role of prebiotics and probiotics on the improvement of immunomodulation and antitumor properties has been considered. METHODS:I had reviewed the literature on the multidimensional activities of prebiotics and probiotics from the NCBI website database PubMed, Springer Nature, Science Direct (Elsevier), Google Scholar database to search relevant articles. Specifically, I had focused on the role of prebiotics and probiotics in immunomodulation and cancer prevention. RESULTS:Prebiotics are the nondigestible fermentable sugars that selectively influence the growth of probiotic organisms that exert immunomodulation over the cancerous growth. The oncostatic properties of bacteria are mediated through the recruitment of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, approaches have also been taken to use probiotics as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. CONCLUSION:The present review has indicated that dysbiosis is a crucial factor in many pathological situations, including cancer. Applications of prebiotics and probiotics exhibit the immune-surveillance as oncostatic effects. These events increase the possibilities of new therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention.
10.2174/1871520621999201210220442
Controlling Intestinal Infections and Digestive Disorders Using Probiotics.
Journal of medicinal food
After consumption, probiotics provide health benefits to the host. Probiotics and their metabolites have therapeutic and nutritional properties that help to alleviate gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular problems. Probiotics strengthen host immunity through various mechanisms, including improved gut barrier function, receptor site blocking, competitive exclusion of pathogens, and the production of bioactive molecules. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal bowel diseases can be fatal, but regular probiotic consumption can alleviate disease symptoms. The use and detailed description of the health benefits of probiotics to consumers in terms of reducing intestinal infection, inflammation, and digestive disorders are discussed in this review. The well-designed and controlled studies that examined the use of probiotics to reduce life-threatening activities caused by intestinal bowel diseases are also covered. This review discussed the active principles and potency of probiotics as evidenced by the known effects on host health, in addition to providing information on the mechanism of action.
10.1089/jmf.2023.0062
Antiviral Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Probiotics as Promising Antivirals.
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Probiotics exert a variety of beneficial effects, including maintaining homeostasis and the balance of intestinal microorganisms, activating the immune system, and regulating immune responses. Due to the beneficial effects of probiotics, a wide range of probiotics have been developed as probiotic agents for animal and human health. Viral diseases cause serious economic losses to the livestock every year and remain a great challenge for animals. Moreover, strategies for the prevention and control of viral diseases are limited. Viruses enter the host through the skin and mucosal surface, in which are colonized by hundreds of millions of microorganisms. The antiviral effects of probiotics have been proved, including modulation of chemical, microbial, physical, and immune barriers through various probiotics, probiotic metabolites, and host signaling pathways. It is of great significance yet far from enough to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of probiotics. The major interest of this review is to discuss the antiviral effects and underlying mechanisms of probiotics and to provide targets for the development of novel antivirals.
10.3389/fcimb.2022.928050
Probiotics and Probiotic-Derived Functional Factors-Mechanistic Insights Into Applications for Intestinal Homeostasis.
Yan Fang,Polk D Brent
Frontiers in immunology
Advances in our understanding of the contribution of the gut microbiota to human health and the correlation of dysbiosis with diseases, including chronic intestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have driven mechanistic investigations of probiotics in intestinal homeostasis and potential clinical applications. Probiotics have been shown to promote intestinal health by maintaining and restoring epithelial function, ensuring mucosal immune homeostasis, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. Recent findings reveal an approach for defining previously unrecognized probiotic-derived soluble factors as potential mechanisms of probiotic action. This review focuses on the impact of probiotics and probiotic-derived functional factors, including probiotic products and metabolites by probiotics, on the cellular responses and signaling pathways involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Although there is limited information regarding the translation of probiotic treatment outcomes from and animal studies to clinical applications, potential approaches for increasing the clinical efficacy of probiotics for IBD, such as those based on probiotic-derived factors, are highlighted in this review. In this era of precision medicine and targeted therapies, more basic, preclinical, and clinical evidence is needed to clarify the efficacy of probiotics in maintaining intestinal health and preventing and treating disease.
10.3389/fimmu.2020.01428
Probiotics and the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis.
Underwood Mark A
Journal of pediatric surgery
BACKGROUND:Immaturity of the host immune system and alterations in the intestinal microbiome appear to be key factors in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The aim of this paper is to weigh the evidence for the use of probiotics to prevent NEC in premature infants. METHODS:Animal studies, randomized controlled trials, observational cohort studies and meta-analyses involving administration of probiotic products for the prevention of NEC were reviewed. This review of the evidence summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data. RESULTS:In animal models probiotic microbes alter the intestinal microbiome, decrease inflammation and intestinal permeability and decrease the incidence and severity of experimental NEC. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials and cohort studies of premature infants, probiotic microbes decrease the risk of NEC, death and sepsis. CONCLUSION:Evidence is strong for the prevention of NEC with the use of combination probiotics in premature infants who receive breast milk. The potential risks and benefits of probiotic administration to premature infants should be carefully reviewed with parents. TYPE OF STUDY:Therapeutic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:I.
10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.08.055
Multi-Probiotics ameliorate Major depressive disorder and accompanying gastrointestinal syndromes via serotonergic system regulation.
Journal of advanced research
INTRODUCTION:Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading global psychiatric disease. MDD is highly comorbid with gastrointestinal abnormalities, such as gut motility dysfunction. An effective strategy to manage depression and its accompanying gastrointestinal symptoms is warranted. OBJECTIVES:Three probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025, Bifidobacterium longum CCFM687, and Pediococcus acidilactici CCFM6432) had previously been validated in mice to possess antidepressant-like potential. This study investigated the potential psychotropic effects of a combined three-strain probiotic intervention for human MDD patients. The mechanism of action was further investigated in the stress-induced depression mice model. METHODS:MDD patients were given a freeze-dried, mixed probiotic formula for four weeks. The patients' psychometric and gastrointestinal conditions were evaluated using clinical rating scales before and after treatment. Their gut microbiome was also analysed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial probiotic effects were determined using a chronic stress-induced depressive mouse model. RESULTS:Multi-probiotics significantly reduced depression scores, and to a greater extent than the placebo (based on the Hamilton Depression Rating, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales). Multi-probiotics also significantly improved the patients' gastrointestinal functions (based on self-evaluation using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale). Serotonergic system modification was demonstrated as the key mechanism behind the probiotics' benefits for the brain and the gut. CONCLUSION:Our findings suggest a novel and promising treatment to manage MDD and accompanying gut motility problems, and provide options for treating other gut-brain axis-related disorders.
10.1016/j.jare.2022.05.003
Probiotics for Preventing and Treating Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Current Evidence.
Zhong Changqing,Qu Changmin,Wang Baoyan,Liang Shuwen,Zeng Bolun
Journal of clinical gastroenterology
The present study conducted a meta-analysis and systematic review of current evidence to assess the efficacy of probiotics in preventing or treating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Relevant studies from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, until May 2016, were assimilated. The prevention efficacy was assessed by the incidence of SIBO in the probiotic group, and the treatment efficacy by the SIBO decontamination rate, reduction in H2 concentration, and symptom improvement. The relative risk (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD) were used as effect measures and the random-effects model used for meta-analysis. A total of 14 full-text articles and 8 abstracts were included for the systematic review, and 18 studies were eligible for data synthesis. Patients on probiotic usage showed an insignificant trend toward low SIBO incidence [RR=0.54; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.19-1.52; P=0.24]. The pooled SIBO decontamination rate was 62.8% (51.5% to 72.8%). The probiotics group showed a significantly higher SIBO decontamination rate than the nonprobiotic group (RR=1.61; 95% CI, 1.19-2.17; P<0.05). Also, the H2 concentration was significantly reduced among probiotic users (WMD=-36.35 ppm; 95% CI, -44.23 to -28.47 ppm; P<0.05). Although probiotics produced a marked decrease in the abdominal pain scores (WMD=-1.17; 95% CI, -2.30 to -0.04; P<0.05), it did not significantly reduce the daily stool frequency (WMD=-0.09; 95% CI, -0.47 to 0.29). Therefore, the present findings indicated that probiotics supplementation could effectively decontaminate SIBO, decrease H2 concentration, and relieve abdominal pain, but were ineffective in preventing SIBO.
10.1097/MCG.0000000000000814
Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review.
Dale Hanna Fjeldheim,Rasmussen Stella Hellgren,Asiller Özgün Ömer,Lied Gülen Arslan
Nutrients
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a frequent functional gastrointestinal disorder, and alterations in the gut microbiota composition contributes to symptom generation. The exact mechanisms of probiotics in the human body are not fully understood, but probiotic supplements are thought to improve IBS symptoms through manipulation of the gut microbiota. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the latest randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation on symptoms in IBS patients. A literature search was conducted in Medline (PubMed) until March 2019. RCTs published within the last five years evaluating effects of probiotic supplements on IBS symptoms were eligible. The search identified in total 35 studies, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Seven studies (63.6%) reported that supplementation with probiotics in IBS patients significantly improved symptoms compared to placebo, whereas the remaining four studies (36.4%) did not report any significant improvement in symptoms after probiotic supplementation. Of note, three studies evaluated the effect of a mono-strain supplement, whereas the remaining eight trials used a multi-strain probiotic. Overall, the beneficial effects were more distinct in the trials using multi-strain supplements with an intervention of 8 weeks or more, suggesting that multi-strain probiotics supplemented over a period of time have the potential to improve IBS symptoms.
10.3390/nu11092048
Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
BACKGROUND:Probiotics may be effective in reducing the duration of acute infectious diarrhoea. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of probiotics in proven or presumed acute infectious diarrhoea. SEARCH METHODS:We searched the trials register of the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, MEDLINE, and Embase from inception to 17 December 2019, as well as the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Issue 12, 2019), in the Cochrane Library, and reference lists from studies and reviews. We included additional studies identified during external review. SELECTION CRITERIA:Randomized controlled trials comparing a specified probiotic agent with a placebo or no probiotic in people with acute diarrhoea that is proven or presumed to be caused by an infectious agent. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Two review authors independently applied inclusion criteria, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. Primary outcomes were measures of diarrhoea duration (diarrhoea lasting ≥ 48 hours; duration of diarrhoea). Secondary outcomes were number of people hospitalized in community studies, duration of hospitalization in inpatient studies, diarrhoea lasting ≥ 14 days, and adverse events. MAIN RESULTS:We included 82 studies with a total of 12,127 participants. These studies included 11,526 children (age < 18 years) and 412 adults (three studies recruited 189 adults and children but did not specify numbers in each age group). No cluster-randomized trials were included. Studies varied in the definitions used for "acute diarrhoea" and "end of the diarrhoeal illness" and in the probiotic(s) tested. A total of 53 trials were undertaken in countries where both child and adult mortality was low or very low, and 26 where either child or adult mortality was high. Risk of bias was high or unclear in many studies, and there was marked statistical heterogeneity when findings for the primary outcomes were pooled in meta-analysis. Effect size was similar in the sensitivity analysis and marked heterogeneity persisted. Publication bias was demonstrated from funnel plots for the main outcomes. In our main analysis of the primary outcomes in studies at low risk for all indices of risk of bias, no difference was detected between probiotic and control groups for the risk of diarrhoea lasting ≥ 48 hours (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.09; 2 trials, 1770 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); or for duration of diarrhoea (mean difference (MD) 8.64 hours shorter, 95% CI 29.4 hours shorter to 12.1 hours longer; 6 trials, 3058 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Effect size was similar and marked heterogeneity persisted in pre-specified subgroup analyses of the primary outcomes that included all studies. These included analyses limited to the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii. In six trials (433 participants) of Lactobacillus reuteri, there was consistency amongst findings (I² = 0%), but risk of bias was present in all included studies. Heterogeneity also was not explained by types of participants (age, nutritional/socioeconomic status captured by mortality stratum, region of the world where studies were undertaken), diarrhoea in children caused by rotavirus, exposure to antibiotics, and the few studies of children who were also treated with zinc. In addition, there were no clear differences in effect size for the primary outcomes in post hoc analyses according to decade of publication of studies and whether or not trials had been registered. For other outcomes, the duration of hospitalization in inpatient studies on average was shorter in probiotic groups than in control groups but there was marked heterogeneity between studies (I² = 96%; MD -18.03 hours, 95% CI -27.28 to -8.78, random-effects model: 24 trials, 4056 participants). No differences were detected between probiotic and control groups in the number of people with diarrhoea lasting ≥ 14 days (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.53; 9 studies, 2928 participants) or in risk of hospitalization in community studies (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.89; 6 studies, 2283 participants). No serious adverse events were attributed to probiotics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:Probiotics probably make little or no difference to the number of people who have diarrhoea lasting 48 hours or longer, and we are uncertain whether probiotics reduce the duration of diarrhoea. This analysis is based on large trials with low risk of bias.
10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub4