JAK-STAT Signaling as a Target for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases: Current and Future Prospects.
Drugs
The Janus kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Many cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases use JAKs and STATs to transduce intracellular signals. Mutations in JAK and STAT genes cause a number of immunodeficiency syndromes, and polymorphisms in these genes are associated with autoimmune diseases. The success of small-molecule JAK inhibitors (Jakinibs) in the treatment of rheumatologic disease demonstrates that intracellular signaling pathways can be targeted therapeutically to treat autoimmunity. Tofacitinib, the first rheumatologic Jakinib, is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for rheumatoid arthritis and is currently under investigation for other autoimmune diseases. Many other Jakinibs are in preclinical development or in various phases of clinical trials. This review describes the JAK-STAT pathway, outlines its role in autoimmunity, and explains the rationale/pre-clinical evidence for targeting JAK-STAT signaling. The safety and clinical efficacy of the Jakinibs are reviewed, starting with the FDA-approved Jakinib tofacitinib, and continuing on to next-generation Jakinibs. Recent and ongoing studies are emphasized, with a focus on emerging indications for JAK inhibition and novel mechanisms of JAK-STAT signaling blockade.
10.1007/s40265-017-0701-9
The role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases.
Xin Ping,Xu Xiaoyun,Deng Chengjie,Liu Shuang,Wang Youzhi,Zhou Xuegang,Ma Hongxing,Wei Donghua,Sun Shiqin
International immunopharmacology
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is an universally expressed intracellular signal transduction pathway and involved in many crucial biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune regulation. It provides a direct mechanism for extracellular factors-regulated gene expression. Current researches on this pathway have been focusing on the inflammatory and neoplastic diseases and related drug. The mechanism of JAK/STAT signaling is relatively simple. However, the biological consequences of the pathway are complicated due to its crosstalk with other signaling pathways. In addition, there is increasing evidence indicates that the persistent activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway is closely related to many immune and inflammatory diseases, yet the specific mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the detailed mechanisms of JAK/STAT signaling in disease formation to provide critical reference for clinical treatments of the diseases. In this review, we focus on the structure of JAKs and STATs, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its negative regulators, the associated diseases, and the JAK inhibitors for the clinical therapy.
10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106210
Critical role of integrin CD11c in splenic dendritic cell capture of missing-self CD47 cells to induce adaptive immunity.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
CD11c, also known as integrin alpha X, is the most widely used defining marker for dendritic cells (DCs). CD11c can bind complement iC3b and mediate phagocytosis in vitro, for which it is also referred to as complement receptor 4. However, the functions of this prominent marker protein in DCs, especially in vivo, remain poorly defined. Here, in the process of studying DC activation and immune responses induced by cells lacking self-CD47, we found that DC capture of CD47-deficient cells and DC activation was dependent on the integrin-signaling adaptor Talin1. Specifically, CD11c and its partner Itgb2 were required for DC capture of CD47-deficient cells. CD11b was not necessary for this process but could partially compensate in the absence of CD11c. Mice with DCs lacking Talin1, Itgb2, or CD11c were defective in supporting T-cell proliferation and differentiation induced by CD47-deficient cell associated antigen. These findings establish a critical role for CD11c in DC antigen uptake and activation in vivo. They may also contribute to understanding the functional mechanism of CD47-blockade therapies.
10.1073/pnas.1805542115
CD11c participates in triggering acute graft-versus-host disease during bone marrow transplantation.
Wang Qianqian,Su Xiuhua,He Yi,Wang Mei,Yang Donglin,Zhang Rongli,Wei Jialin,Ma Qiaoling,Zhai Weihua,Pang Aiming,Huang Yong,Feng Sizhou,Ballantyne Christie M,Wu Huaizhu,Pei Xiaolei,Feng Xiaoming,Han Mingzhe,Jiang Erlie
Immunology
CD11c is a canonical dendritic cell (DC) marker with poorly defined functions in the immune system. Here, we found that blocking CD11c on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived DCs (MoDCs) inhibited the proliferation of CD4 T cells and the differentiation into IFN-γ-producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells, which were critical in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) pathogenesis. Using allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) murine models, we consistently found that CD11c-deficient recipient mice had alleviated aGVHD symptoms for the decreased IFN-γ-expressing CD4 Th1 cells and CD8 T cells. Transcriptional analysis showed that CD11c participated in several immune regulation functions including maintaining antigen presentation of APCs. CD11c-deficient bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) impaired the antigen presentation function in coculture assay. Mechanistically, CD11c interacted with MHCII and Hsp90 and participated in the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 in DCs after multiple inflammatory stimulations. Therefore, CD11c played crucial roles in triggering aGVHD and might serve as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of aGVHD.
10.1111/imm.13350
GM-CSF Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures Comprise a Heterogeneous Population of CD11c(+)MHCII(+) Macrophages and Dendritic Cells.
Immunity
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in the immune system. Much of their biology has been elucidated via culture systems in which hematopoietic precursors differentiate into DCs under the aegis of cytokines. A widely used protocol involves the culture of murine bone marrow (BM) cells with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to generate BM-derived DCs (BMDCs). BMDCs express CD11c and MHC class II (MHCII) molecules and share with DCs isolated from tissues the ability to present exogenous antigens to T cells and to respond to microbial stimuli by undergoing maturation. We demonstrate that CD11c(+)MHCII(+) BMDCs are in fact a heterogeneous group of cells that comprises conventional DCs and monocyte-derived macrophages. DCs and macrophages in GM-CSF cultures both undergo maturation upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide but respond differentially to the stimulus and remain separable entities. These results have important implications for the interpretation of a vast array of data obtained with DC culture systems.
10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.018
Effects of messenger RNA structure and other translational control mechanisms on major histocompatibility complex-I mediated antigen presentation.
Murat Pierre,Tellam Judy
Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA
Effective T-cell surveillance of antigen-presenting cells is dependent on the expression of an array of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) or class II (MHC-II) molecules. Pathogens co-evolving with their hosts exploit crucial translational regulatory mechanisms in order to evade host immune recognition and thereby sustain their infection. Evasion strategies that downregulate viral protein synthesis and thereby restrict antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-cells through the endogenous MHC-I pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral-associated malignancies. An understanding of the mechanisms by which messenger RNA (mRNA) structure modulates both viral mRNA translation and the antigen processing machinery to escape immune surveillance, will stimulate the development of alternative therapeutic strategies focused on RNA-directed drugs designed to enhance immune responses against infected cells. In this review, we discuss regulatory aspects of the MHC-I pathway and summarize current knowledge of the role attributed by mRNA structure and other translational regulatory mechanisms in immune evasion. In particular we highlight the impact of recently identified G-quadruplex structures within virally encoded transcripts as unique regulatory signals for translational control and antigen presentation.
10.1002/wrna.1262
Co-regulated expression of alpha and beta mRNAs encoding HLA-DR surface heterodimers is mediated by the MHCII RNA operon.
Pisapia Laura,Cicatiello Valeria,Barba Pasquale,Malanga Donatella,Maffei Antonella,Hamilton Russell S,Del Pozzo Giovanna
Nucleic acids research
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules are heterodimeric surface proteins involved in the presentation of exogenous antigens during the adaptive immune response. We demonstrate the existence of a fine level of regulation, coupling the transcription and processing of mRNAs encoding α and β chains of MHCII molecules, mediated through binding of their Untraslated Regions (UTRs) to the same ribonucleoproteic complex (RNP). We propose a dynamic model, in the context of the 'MHCII RNA operon' in which the increasing levels of DRA and DRB mRNAs are docked by the RNP acting as a bridge between 5'- and 3'-UTR of the same messenger, building a loop structure and, at the same time, joining the two chains, thanks to shared common predicted secondary structure motifs. According to cell needs, as during immune surveillance, this RNP machinery guarantees a balanced synthesis of DRA and DRB mRNAs and a consequent balanced surface expression of the heterodimer.
10.1093/nar/gkt059
High MafB expression following burn augments monocyte commitment and inhibits DC differentiation in hemopoietic progenitors.
Howell Kirstin,Posluszny Joseph,He Li K,Szilagyi Andrea,Halerz John,Gamelli Richard L,Shankar Ravi,Muthu Kuzhali
Journal of leukocyte biology
We have previously shown that perturbed bone marrow progenitor development promotes hyporesponsive monocytes following experimental burn sepsis. Clinical and experimental sepsis is associated with monocyte deactivation and depletion of mDCs. Decrease in circulating DCs is reported in burn patients who develop sepsis. In our 15% TBSA scald burn model, we demonstrate a significant reduction in the circulating MHC-II(+) population and mDCs (Gr1(neg)CD11b(+)CD11c(+)) with a corresponding decrease in bone marrow MHC-II(+) cells and mDCs for up to 14 days following burn. We explored the underlying mechanism(s) that regulate bone marrow development of monocytes and DCs following burn injury. We found a robust bone marrow response with a significant increase in multipotential HSCs (LSK) and bipotential GMPs following burn injury. GMPs from burn mice exhibit a significant reduction in GATA-1, which is essential for DC development, but express high levels of MafB and M-CSFRs, both associated with monocyte production. GMPs obtained from burn mice differentiated 1.7 times more into Mϕ and 1.6-fold less into DCs compared with sham. Monocytes and DCs expressed 50% less MHC-II in burn versus sham. Increased monocyte commitment in burn GMPs was a result of high MafB and M-CSFR expressions. Transient silencing of MafB (siRNA) in GMP-derived monocytes from burn mice partially restored DC differentiation deficits and increased GATA-1 expression. We provide evidence that high MafB following burn plays an inhibitory role in monocyte-derived DC differentiation by regulating M-CSFR and GATA-1 expressions.
10.1189/jlb.0711338
Macrophage transcription factor TonEBP promotes systemic lupus erythematosus and kidney injury via damage-induced signaling pathways.
Kidney international
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by autoreactive B cells and dysregulation of many other types of immune cells including myeloid cells. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common target organ manifestations of SLE. Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP, also known as nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5)), was initially identified as a central regulator of cellular responses to hypertonic stress and is a pleiotropic stress protein involved in a variety of immunometabolic diseases. To explore the role of TonEBP, we examined kidney biopsy samples from patients with LN. Kidney TonEBP expression was found to be elevated in these patients compared to control patients - in both kidney cells and infiltrating immune cells. Kidney TonEBP mRNA was elevated in LN and correlated with mRNAs encoding inflammatory cytokines and the degree of proteinuria. In a pristane-induced SLE model in mice, myeloid TonEBP deficiency blocked the development of SLE and LN. In macrophages, engagement of various toll-like receptors (TLRs) that respond to damage-associated molecular patterns induced TonEBP expression via stimulation of its promoter. Intracellular signaling downstream of the TLRs was dependent on TonEBP. Therefore, TonEBP can act as a transcriptional cofactor for NF-κB, and activated mTOR-IRF3/7 via protein-protein interactions. Additionally, TonEBP-deficient macrophages displayed elevated efferocytosis and animals with myeloid deficiency of TonEBP showed reduced Th1 and Th17 differentiation, consistent with macrophages defective in TLR signaling. Thus, our data show that myeloid TonEBP may be an attractive therapeutic target for SLE and LN.
10.1016/j.kint.2023.03.030
The transcription factor NFAT5 limits infection-induced type I interferon responses.
Huerga Encabo Hector,Traveset Laia,Argilaguet Jordi,Angulo Ana,Nistal-Villán Estanislao,Jaiswal Rahul,Escalante Carlos R,Gekas Christos,Meyerhans Andreas,Aramburu Jose,López-Rodríguez Cristina
The Journal of experimental medicine
Type I interferon (IFN-I) provides effective antiviral immunity but can exacerbate harmful inflammatory reactions and cause hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) exhaustion; therefore, IFN-I expression must be tightly controlled. While signaling mechanisms that limit IFN-I induction and function have been extensively studied, less is known about transcriptional repressors acting directly on IFN-I regulatory regions. We show that NFAT5, an activator of macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, represses Toll-like receptor 3 and virus-induced expression of IFN-I in macrophages and dendritic cells. Mice lacking NFAT5 exhibit increased IFN-I production and better control of viral burden upon LCMV infection but show exacerbated HSC activation under systemic poly(I:C)-induced inflammation. We identify IFNβ as a primary target repressed by NFAT5, which opposes the master IFN-I inducer IRF3 by binding to an evolutionarily conserved sequence in the IFNB1 enhanceosome that overlaps a key IRF site. These findings illustrate how IFN-I responses are balanced by simultaneously opposing transcription factors.
10.1084/jem.20190449
Transcription factor NFAT5 promotes macrophage survival in rheumatoid arthritis.
Choi Susanna,You Sungyong,Kim Donghyun,Choi Soo Youn,Kwon H Moo,Kim Hyun-Sook,Hwang Daehee,Park Yune-Jung,Cho Chul-Soo,Kim Wan-Uk
The Journal of clinical investigation
Defective apoptotic death of activated macrophages has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular signatures defining apoptotic resistance of RA macrophages are not fully understood. Here, global transcriptome profiling of RA macrophages revealed that the osmoprotective transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) critically regulates diverse pathologic processes in synovial macrophages including the cell cycle, apoptosis, and proliferation. Transcriptomic analysis of NFAT5-deficient macrophages revealed the molecular networks defining cell survival and proliferation. Proinflammatory M1-polarizing stimuli and hypoxic conditions were responsible for enhanced NFAT5 expression in RA macrophages. An in vitro functional study demonstrated that NFAT5-deficient macrophages were more susceptible to apoptotic death. Specifically, CCL2 secretion in an NFAT5-dependent fashion bestowed apoptotic resistance to RA macrophages in vitro. Injection of recombinant CCL2 into one of the affected joints of Nfat5+/- mice increased joint destruction and macrophage infiltration, demonstrating the essential role of the NFAT5/CCL2 axis in arthritis progression in vivo. Moreover, after intra-articular injection, NFAT5-deficient macrophages were more susceptible to apoptosis and less efficient at promoting joint destruction than were NFAT5-sufficient macrophages. Thus, NFAT5 regulates macrophage survival by inducing CCL2 secretion. Our results provide evidence that NFAT5 expression in macrophages enhances chronic arthritis by conferring apoptotic resistance to activated macrophages.
10.1172/JCI87880
Activation of the transcription factor NFAT5 in the tumor microenvironment enforces CD8 T cell exhaustion.
Nature immunology
Persistent exposure to antigen during chronic infection or cancer renders T cells dysfunctional. The molecular mechanisms regulating this state of exhaustion are thought to be common in infection and cancer, despite obvious differences in their microenvironments. Here we found that NFAT5, an NFAT family transcription factor that lacks an AP-1 docking site, was highly expressed in exhausted CD8 T cells in the context of chronic infections and tumors but was selectively required in tumor-induced CD8 T cell exhaustion. Overexpression of NFAT5 in CD8 T cells reduced tumor control, while deletion of NFAT5 improved tumor control by promoting the accumulation of tumor-specific CD8 T cells that had reduced expression of the exhaustion-associated proteins TOX and PD-1 and produced more cytokines, such as IFNɣ and TNF, than cells with wild-type levels of NFAT5, specifically in the precursor exhausted PD-1TCF1TIM-3CD8 T cell population. NFAT5 did not promote T cell exhaustion during chronic infection with clone 13 of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Expression of NFAT5 was induced by TCR triggering, but its transcriptional activity was specific to the tumor microenvironment and required hyperosmolarity. Thus, NFAT5 promoted the exhaustion of CD8 T cells in a tumor-selective fashion.
10.1038/s41590-023-01614-x
Lipopolysaccharide induces in macrophages the synthesis of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and suppresses signal transduction in response to the activating factor IFN-gamma.
Stoiber D,Kovarik P,Cohney S,Johnston J A,Steinlein P,Decker T
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
The goal of this study was to investigate how bacterial LPS affects macrophage responsiveness to the activating factor IFN-gamma. Pretreatment of macrophages with LPS for <2 h increased the transcriptional response to IFN-gamma. In contrast, simultaneous stimulation with IFN-gamma and LPS, or pretreatment with LPS for >4 h, suppressed Stat1 tyrosine 701 phosphorylation, dimerization, and transcriptional activity in response to IFN-gamma. Consistently, the induction of MHCII protein by IFN-gamma was antagonized by LPS pretreatment. Neutralizing Abs to IL-10 were without effect on LPS-mediated suppression of Stat1 activation. Decreased IFN-gamma signal transduction after LPS treatment corresponded to a direct induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling3 (SOCS3) mRNA and protein. Under the same conditions socs1, socs2, and cis genes were not transcribed. In transfection assays, SOCS3 was found to suppress the transcriptional response of macrophages to IFN-gamma. A causal link of decreased IFN-gamma signaling to SOCS3 induction was also suggested by the LPS-dependent reduction of IFN-gamma-mediated Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) activation. Further consistent with inhibitory activity of SOCS3, LPS also inhibited the JAK2-dependent activation of Stat5 by GM-CSF. Our results thus link the deactivating effect of chronic LPS exposure on macrophages with its ability to induce SOCS3.
A role for STAT3 and cathepsin S in IL-10 down-regulation of IFN-gamma-induced MHC class II molecule on primary human blood macrophages.
Chan Lally L Y,Cheung Benny K W,Li James C B,Lau Allan S Y
Journal of leukocyte biology
IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, activates its primary mediator STAT3 to exert inhibitory effects on activated immune response. It has been reported that IFN-gamma signaling can be suppressed by IL-10, which deactivates macrophages and suppresses cell-mediated antigen presentation. Cathepsin S, a cysteine protease, plays a significant role in the antigen processing. We hypothesize that the IL-10-induced and STAT3-mediated signaling pathway interferes with IFN-gamma-induced immune responses in primary human blood macrophages. Here, we investigated whether IL-10 perturbs MHC-II levels via its effect on cathepsin S expression in antigen processing. We showed that the expression of cathepsin S and MHC-II, inducible by IFN-gamma, was down-regulated in the presence of IL-10. Additionally, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of IL-10 was demonstrated to be independent of the classical IFN-gamma-induced JAK2/STAT1 signaling cascade or the NF-kappaB pathway. Following STAT3 suppression with specific siRNA, the expression of IFN-gamma-induced surface MHC-II antigens and cathepsin S levels was restored, even in the presence of IL-10. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the immunosuppressive effects of IL-10-STAT3 on MHC-II antigen presentation may occur via the inhibition of cathepsin S expression.
10.1189/jlb.1009659
NF-Y and the immune response: Dissecting the complex regulation of MHC genes.
Sachini Nikoleta,Papamatheakis Joseph
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms
Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) was first described as one of the CCAAT binding factors. Although CCAAT motifs were found to be present in various genes, NF-Y attracted a lot of interest early on, due to its role in Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) gene regulation. MHC genes are crucial in immune response and show peculiar expression patterns. Among other conserved elements on MHC promoters, an NF-Y binding CCAAT box was found to contribute to MHC transcriptional regulation. NF-Y along with other DNA binding factors assembles in a stereospecific manner to form a multiprotein scaffold, the MHC enhanceosome, which is necessary but not sufficient to drive transcription. Transcriptional activation is achieved by the recruitment of yet another factor, the class II transcriptional activator (CIITA). In this review, we briefly discuss basic findings on MHCII transcription regulation and we highlight NF-Y different modes of function in MHCII gene activation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Factor Y in Development and Disease, edited by Prof. Roberto Mantovani.
10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.10.013
CC chemokine receptor 5 gene promoter activation by the cyclic AMP response element binding transcription factor.
Kuipers Hedwich F,Biesta Paula J,Montagne Lisette J,van Haastert Elise S,van der Valk Paul,van den Elsen Peter J
Blood
The chemokine receptor CCR5 is implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, transplant rejection, and autoimmunity. In previous studies, we have shown that MS lesions are characterized by enhanced expression of transcription factors associated with stress responses, ie, IRF-1, NF-kappaB, and CREB-1, which modulate expression of both classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The expression of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules greatly overlaps with the expression of CCR5 in MS lesions. Therefore, we investigated whether these factors are also involved in the transcriptional regulation of CCR5. Using in vitro assays, we determined that neither IRF-1 nor NF-kappaB is involved in the activation of the CCR5 promoter. This is corroborated by the finding that these factors are not involved in the induction of endogenous CCR5 transcription in various cell types. In contrast, we show that CCR5 expression is regulated by the cAMP/CREB pathway and that interference in this pathway affects endogenous CCR5 transcription. From this, we conclude that the cAMP/CREB pathway is involved in the regulation of CCR5 transcription and that, given the ubiquitous nature of CREB-1 protein expression, additional regulatory mechanisms must contribute to cell type-specific expression of CCR5.
10.1182/blood-2008-01-135111
Roles of IFN-γ in tumor progression and regression: a review.
Biomarker research
BACKGROUND:Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a key role in activation of cellular immunity and subsequently, stimulation of antitumor immune-response. Based on its cytostatic, pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative functions, IFN-γ is considered potentially useful for adjuvant immunotherapy for different types of cancer. Moreover, it IFN-γ may inhibit angiogenesis in tumor tissue, induce regulatory T-cell apoptosis, and/or stimulate the activity of M1 proinflammatory macrophages to overcome tumor progression. However, the current understanding of the roles of IFN-γ in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may be misleading in terms of its clinical application. MAIN BODY:Some researchers believe it has anti-tumorigenic properties, while others suggest that it contributes to tumor growth and progression. In our recent work, we have shown that concentration of IFN-γ in the TME determines its function. Further, it was reported that tumors treated with low-dose IFN-γ acquired metastatic properties while those infused with high dose led to tumor regression. Pro-tumorigenic role may be described through IFN-γ signaling insensitivity, downregulation of major histocompatibility complexes, upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed cell death ligand 1. CONCLUSION:Significant research efforts are required to decipher IFN-γ-dependent pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. This review discusses the current knowledge concerning the roles of IFN-γ in the TME as a part of the complex immune response to cancer and highlights the importance of identifying IFN-γ responsive patients to improve their sensitivity to immuno-therapies.
10.1186/s40364-020-00228-x
The central role of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis.
Cope A P,Schulze-Koops H,Aringer M
Clinical and experimental rheumatology
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory syndromes. As such, RA is often considered the prototype disease for defining both the molecular and pathological basis of immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease, and for validating targeted therapies. The immunogenetics of RA suggest a key role for aberrant pathways of T-cell activation in the initiation and/or perpetuation of disease. In the T-cell activation process, CD4+ T-cells are engaged by antigenic peptide fragments in a complex with HLA class II molecules, in addition to co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80/CD86, expressed on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells. The strongest evidence supporting a role for CD4+ T cells in disease pathogenesis is the association between RA and HLA-DRB1; however, the functional role of this association has yet to be defined. Susceptibility to RA may also be linked with several RA-associated allelic variants of genes, especially PTPN22, but also CTLA4, IL2RA, IL-2RB, STAT4, PTPN2 and PADI4, many of which encode molecules directly implicated in pathways of T-cell activation.The presence of inflammatory infiltrates, such as follicular structures, in the synovial membrane provides compelling evidence of ongoing immune reactions in moderate to severe RA. These structures likely play a key role in T cell - B cell cooperation and the local generation of specific autoantibodies; as such, chronically activated synovial T cells represent key cellular targets for therapy. Evidence also supports a role for T-helper (Th) cells, Th17 cells, and impaired CD4+CD25(hi) regulatory T cell (Treg) function in the pathogenesis of RA. In addition to discussing a range of issues regarding T-cell activation in RA, this review describes how therapeutic modulation of T-cell function, as opposed to profound immunosuppression or immunodepletion, has been associated with better disease outcomes in clinical trials. Ultimately, elucidation of the distinct effects of co-stimulation modulation with abatacept on T cells should provide key insights into understanding how to restore immune homeostasis in patients with RA.
MHC class II antigen presentation by dendritic cells regulated through endosomal sorting.
ten Broeke Toine,Wubbolts Richard,Stoorvogel Willem
Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology
For the initiation of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells present antigenic peptides in association with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) to naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss how antigen presentation is regulated through intracellular processing and trafficking of MHCII. Newly synthesized MHCII is chaperoned by the invariant chain to endosomes, where peptides from endocytosed pathogens can bind. In nonactivated dendritic cells, peptide-loaded MHCII is ubiquitinated and consequently sorted by the ESCRT machinery to intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies, ultimately leading to lysosomal degradation. Ubiquitination of newly synthesized MHCII is blocked when dendritic cells are activated, now allowing its transfer to the cell surface. This mode of regulation for MHCII is a prime example of how molecular processing and sorting at multivesicular bodies can determine the expression of signaling receptors at the plasma membrane.
10.1101/cshperspect.a016873
Variations in MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation in Health and Disease.
Unanue Emil R,Turk Vito,Neefjes Jacques
Annual review of immunology
MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules are critical in the control of many immune responses. They are also involved in most autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Here, we describe the biology of MHC-II and MHC-II variations that affect immune responses. We discuss the classic cell biology of MHC-II and various perturbations. Proteolysis is a major process in the biology of MHC-II, and we describe the various components forming and controlling this endosomal proteolytic machinery. This process ultimately determines the MHC-II-presented peptidome, including cryptic peptides, modified peptides, and other peptides that are relevant in autoimmune responses. MHC-II also variable in expression, glycosylation, and turnover. We illustrate that MHC-II is variable not only in amino acids (polymorphic) but also in its biology, with consequences for both health and disease.
10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055420
Lysosome biogenesis and lysosomal membrane proteins: trafficking meets function.
Saftig Paul,Klumperman Judith
Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology
Lysosomes are the primary catabolic compartments of eukaryotic cells. They degrade extracellular material that has been internalized by endocytosis and intracellular components that have been sequestered by autophagy. In addition, specialized cells contain lysosome-related organelles that store and secrete proteins for cell-type-specific functions. The functioning of a healthy cell is dependent on the proper targeting of newly synthesized lysosomal proteins. Accumulating evidence suggests that there are multiple lysosomal delivery pathways that together allow the regulated and sequential deposition of lysosomal components. The importance of lysosomal trafficking pathways is emphasized by recent findings that reveal new roles for lysosomal membrane proteins in cellular physiology and in an increasing number of diseases that are characterized by defects in lysosome biogenesis.
10.1038/nrm2745
Functional characteristics of the macrophage receptors for IgG-Fc and C3: failure to detect C3 receptor-mediated extracellular cytolysis by mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Shaw D R,Griffin F M
Cellular immunology
The ability of several immunologic ligands to mediate extracellular cytolysis of sheep erythrocytes (E) by mouse macrophages was studied. E coated with rabbit IgG (EIgG), but not nonsensitized E or E coated with rabbit IgM (EIgM), were lysed and phagocytized by resident peritoneal macrophages as well as by macrophages activated in vivo with either BCG or Corynebacterium parvum or in vitro with lymphokine. EIgM incubated with mouse serum to deposit the third component of complement (C3) onto E (EIgMC) were ingested by thioglycolate-elicited and lymphokine-treated macrophages, but not by the other macrophage populations examined. However, none of the macrophages performed lysis of EIgMC, suggesting that engagement of macrophage C3 receptors by target cell-bound C3 was not a sufficient trigger for cytolysis. Lysis of E coated with both IgG and C3 (EIgGC) was moderately elevated over that of EIgG; this enhancement was not abolished after proteolytic destruction of the macrophage C3-rosetting capacity, indicating that C3 receptors were not responsible. EIgGC and EIgMC were more susceptible to hypotonic lysis than were either E, EIgG, or EIgM, suggesting that enhanced lysis of serum-treated E may be partially explained by increased E fragility.
10.1016/0008-8749(84)90103-5
Immunoevasion and immunosuppression of the macrophage by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Hmama Zakaria,Peña-Díaz Sandra,Joseph Sunil,Av-Gay Yossef
Immunological reviews
By virtue of their position at the crossroads between the innate and adaptive immune response, macrophages play an essential role in the control of bacterial infections. Paradoxically, macrophages serve as the natural habitat to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb subverts the macrophage's mechanisms of intracellular killing and antigen presentation, leading ultimately to the development of tuberculosis (TB) disease. Here, we describe mechanisms of Mtb uptake by the macrophage and address key macrophage functions that are targeted by Mtb-specific effector molecules enabling this pathogen to circumvent host immune response. The macrophage functions described in this review include fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes, production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, antigen presentation and major histocompatibility complex class II expression and trafficking, as well as autophagy and apoptosis. All these are Mtb-targeted key cellular pathways, normally working in concert in the macrophage to recognize, respond, and activate 'proper' immune responses. We further analyze and discuss major molecular interactions between Mtb virulence factors and key macrophage proteins and provide implications for vaccine and drug development.
10.1111/imr.12268
An Overview of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
Esteban Ysabella M,de Jong Jill L O,Tesher Melissa S
Pediatric annals
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome characterized by a dysregulated hyperinflammatory response associated with aberrant activation of lymphocytes and macrophages that results in hypercytokinemia. It is classically divided into two types: (1) primary or familial HLH and (2) secondary HLH. Familial HLH is generally an autosomal recessive condition, whereas secondary HLH is usually associated with infectious diseases, autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases (where it is more commonly known as macrophage activation syndrome), malignancy, immunosuppression, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, organ transplantation, HIV infection, and metabolic diseases. Although its clinical presentation is often similar to bacterial sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome, HLH can be life-threatening. As such, it is imperative to recognize and diagnose HLH in a timely manner to optimize care. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(8):e309-e313.].
10.3928/19382359-20170717-01
Tumor-associated macrophages as a potential therapeutic target in thyroid cancers.
Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII
Macrophages are important precursor cell types of the innate immune system and bridge adaptive immune responses through the antigen presentation system. Meanwhile, macrophages constitute substantial portion of the stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) (referred to as tumor-associated macrophages, or TAMs) and exhibit conflicting roles in the development, invasion, and metastasis of thyroid cancer (TC). Moreover, TAMs play a crucial role to the behavior of TC due to their high degree of infiltration and prognostic relevance. Generally, TAMs can be divided into two subgroups; M1-like TAMs are capable of directly kill tumor cells, and recruiting and activating other immune cells in the early stages of cancer. However, due to changes in the TME, M2-like TAMs gradually increase and promote tumor progression. This review aims to discuss the impact of TAMs on TC, including their role in tumor promotion, gene mutation, and other factors related to the polarization of TAMs. Finally, we will explore the M2-like TAM-centered therapeutic strategies, including chemotherapy, clinical trials, and combinatorial immunotherapy.
10.1007/s00262-023-03549-6
Tumor-derived exosomes in the regulation of macrophage polarization.
Baig Mirza S,Roy Anjali,Rajpoot Sajjan,Liu Dongfang,Savai Rajkumar,Banerjee Sreeparna,Kawada Manabu,Faisal Syed M,Saluja Rohit,Saqib Uzma,Ohishi Tomokazu,Wary Kishore K
Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]
BACKGROUND:This review focuses on exosomes derived from various cancer cells. The review discusses the possibility of differentiating macrophages in alternatively activated anti-inflammatory pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophage phenotypes and classically activated pro-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic M1 macrophage phenotypes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The review is divided into two main parts, as follows: (1) role of exosomes in alternatively activating M2-like macrophages-breast cancer-derived exosomes, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell-derived exosomes, lung cancer-derived exosomes, prostate cancer-derived exosomes, Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived exosomes, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)-derived exosomes, Glioblastoma (GBM) cell-derived exosomes, and colorectal cancer-derived exosomes, (2) role of exosomes in classically activating M1-like macrophages, oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived exosomes, breast cancer-derived exosomes, Pancreatic-cancer derived modified exosomes, and colorectal cancer-derived exosomes, and (3) exosomes and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This review addresses the following subjects: (1) crosstalk between cancer-derived exosomes and recipient macrophages, (2) the role of cancer-derived exosome payload(s) in modulating macrophage fate of differentiation, and (3) intracellular signaling mechanisms in macrophages regarding the exosome's payload(s) upon its uptake and regulation of the TME. EVIDENCE:Under the electron microscope, nanoscale exosomes appear as specialized membranous vesicles that emerge from the endocytic cellular compartments. Exosomes harbor proteins, growth factors, cytokines, lipids, miRNA, mRNA, and DNAs. Exosomes are released by many cell types, including reticulocytes, dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, platelets, mast cells, and tumor cells. It is becoming clear that exosomes can impinge upon signal transduction pathways, serve as a mediator of signaling crosstalk, thereby regulating cell-to-cell wireless communications. CONCLUSION:Based on the vesicular cargo, the molecular constituents, the exosomes have the potential to change the fate of macrophage phenotypes, either M1, classically activated macrophages, or M2, alternatively activated macrophages. In this review, we discuss and describe the ability of tumor-derived exosomes in the mechanism of macrophage activation and polarization.
10.1007/s00011-020-01318-0
Autophagy and Macrophage Functions: Inflammatory Response and Phagocytosis.
Wu Ming-Yue,Lu Jia-Hong
Cells
Autophagy is a conserved bulk degradation and recycling process that plays important roles in multiple biological functions, including inflammatory responses. As an important component of the innate immune system, macrophages are involved in defending cells from invading pathogens, clearing cellular debris, and regulating inflammatory responses. During the past two decades, accumulated evidence has revealed the intrinsic connection between autophagy and macrophage function. This review focuses on the role of autophagy, both as nonselective and selective forms, in the regulation of the inflammatory and phagocytotic functions of macrophages. Specifically, the roles of autophagy in pattern recognition, cytokine release, inflammasome activation, macrophage polarization, LC3-associated phagocytosis, and xenophagy are comprehensively reviewed. The roles of autophagy receptors in the macrophage function regulation are also summarized. Finally, the obstacles and remaining questions regarding the molecular regulation mechanisms, disease association, and therapeutic applications are discussed.
10.3390/cells9010070
A role for mammalian diaphanous-related formins in complement receptor (CR3)-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages.
Colucci-Guyon Emma,Niedergang Florence,Wallar Bradley J,Peng Jun,Alberts Arthur S,Chavrier Philippe
Current biology : CB
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils use phagocytosis to capture and clear off invading pathogens. The process is triggered by the interaction of ligands on the pathogens' surface with specific phagocytic receptors, including immunoglobulin (FcR) and complement C3bi (CR3) receptors (integrin alpha(M)beta2, Mac1) . Localized actin-filament assembly that acts as the driving force for particle engulfment is controlled by Rho-family small GTPases . RhoA regulates CR3-mediated phagocytosis through a mechanism that is still unclear . Mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia) formins participate in the generation of a diverse set of actin-remodeling events downstream of RhoA , and mDia1 is recruited around fibronectin-coated beads in a RhoA-dependent manner in fibroblasts . Here, we set out to examine whether mDia proteins are involved in CR3-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. We show that the RhoA effector mDia1 is recruited early during CR3-mediated phagocytosis and colocalizes with polymerized actin in the phagocytic cup. Interfering with mDia activity inhibits CR3-mediated phagocytosis while having no effect on FcR-mediated phagocytosis. These results indicate a new function for mDia proteins in the regulation of actin polymerization during CR3-mediated phagocytosis.
10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.051
A comparison of the binding and fate of internalized neutrophil elastase in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages.
McGowan S E,Arbeit R D,Stone P J,Snider G L
The American review of respiratory disease
Human alveolar macrophages (AM) bind and internalize neutrophil elastase (NE) in vitro by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Blood monocytes are progenitors of AM, and if they possess receptors for NE, they could bind and internalize NE in the pulmonary interstitium and may effect elastin degradation, which likely accompanies the development of emphysema. To determine whether monocytes contain receptors for NE, radioiodinated NE (I-NE) binding was assessed, and the results were compared with binding of I-NE to AM obtained concurrently from the same donors. The binding of I-NE to monocytes cultured in vitro for 8 days was also assessed. Specific binding of I-NE to monocytes and AM reached 80% of maximum in 30 min; similar quantities bound to AM and monocytes after a 2-h incubation with I-NE, and a smaller quantity bound to cultured monocytes. The estimated association constant for specific binding was 6 X 10(6)M-1 and 4 X 10(6)M-1 for AM and monocytes, respectively. The fate of I-NE in monocytes and AM at 24 h after uptake was assessed and compared using molecular sieve chromatography. Approximately 50% of the I-NE initially bound to either monocytes or AM remained cell-associated at the end of culture; 62 to 65% of this material eluted at 29,000 daltons and solubilized particulate elastin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
10.1164/arrd.1983.128.4.688
Emerging potential of immunopeptidomics by mass spectrometry in cancer immunotherapy.
Cancer science
With significant advances in analytical technologies, research in the field of cancer immunotherapy, such as adoptive T cell therapy, cancer vaccine, and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), is currently gaining tremendous momentum. Since the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is recognized only by a minority of patients, more potent tumor-specific antigens (TSAs, also known as neoantigens) and predictive markers for treatment response are of great interest. In cancer immunity, immunopeptides, presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, play a role as initiating mediators of immunogenicity. The latest advancement in the interdisciplinary multiomics approach has rapidly enlightened us about the identity of the "dark matter" of cancer and the associated immunopeptides. In this field, mass spectrometry (MS) is a viable option to select because of the naturally processed and actually presented TSA candidates in order to grasp the whole picture of the immunopeptidome. In the past few years the search space has been enlarged by the multiomics approach, the sensitivity of mass spectrometers has been improved, and deep/machine-learning-supported peptide search algorithms have taken immunopeptidomics to the next level. In this review, along with the introduction of key technical advancements in immunopeptidomics, the potential and further directions of immunopeptidomics will be reviewed from the perspective of cancer immunotherapy.
10.1111/cas.16118
Into the intracellular logistics of cross-presentation.
Neefjes Jacques,Sadaka Charlotte
Frontiers in immunology
The induction of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses requires the presentation of antigenic peptides by MHC class I molecules (MHC I). MHC I usually present peptides derived from endogenous proteins. However, some subtypes of dendritic cells have developed the ability to efficiently present peptides derived from exogenous antigens on MHC I via a process called cross-presentation. Cross-presentation is intimately linked to the induction of anti-viral, -bacterial, and -tumor cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses, as well as a wide variety of CTL-mediated diseases and transplant rejections. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cross-presentation have been studied intensively since its original description, yet understanding of this process is incomplete and on the forefront of immunological research. Numerous pathways and models, some of them conflicting, have been described so far. Here, we review the various pathways reported as involved in cross-presentation, highlighting the complexity of this process. We also discuss in detail the different intracellular steps required, from antigen capture and routing, to processing, and finally peptide loading, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of the cell biology of this phenomenon.
10.3389/fimmu.2012.00031
Distinct editing functions of natural HLA-DM allotypes impact antigen presentation and CD4 T cell activation.
Cellular & molecular immunology
Classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules of the major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) complex present peptides for the development, surveillance and activation of CD4 T cells. The nonclassical MHCII-like protein HLA-DM (DM) catalyzes the exchange and loading of peptides onto MHCII molecules, thereby shaping MHCII immunopeptidomes. Natural variations of DM in both chains of the protein (DMA and DMB) have been hypothesized to impact peptide presentation, but no evidence for altered function has been reported. Here we define the presence of DM allotypes in human populations covered by the 1000 Genomes Project and probe their activity. The functional properties of several allotypes are investigated and show strong enhancement of peptide-induced T cell activation for a particular combination of DMA and DMB. Biochemical evidence suggests a broader pH activity profile for the new variant relative to that of the most commonly expressed DM allotype. Immunopeptidome analysis indicates that the compartmental activity of the new DM heterodimer extends beyond the late endosome and suggests that the natural variation of DM has profound effects on adaptive immunity when antigens bypass the canonical processing pathway.
10.1038/s41423-018-0181-1
MHC Class II Presentation Is Affected by Polymorphism in the Gene and Additional Loci.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
Pathogen-derived peptides are loaded on MHC class II (MHCII) and presented to CD4 T cells for their activation. Peptide loading of MHCII occurs in specialized endosomal compartments and is controlled by the nonclassical MHCII molecules H2-M and H2-O, which are both constitutive αβ heterodimers. H2-M catalyzes MHCII peptide loading, whereas H2-O modulates H2-M activity by acting as an MHCII mimic. Recently, we discovered that the allele inherited by retrovirus-resistant I/LnJ mice results in nonfunctional H2-O. I/LnJ H2-O binds to but does not inhibit H2-M. Compared with H2-Oβ from virus-susceptible mice, H2-Oβ from I/LnJ mice has four unique amino acid substitutions, three in the Ig domain and one in the cytoplasmic tail. In this study we show that the three amino acids in the Ig domain of I/LnJ Oβ are critical for the H2-O inhibitory activity of H2-M. Unexpectedly, we found that MHCII presentation was significantly different in Ag-presenting cells from two closely related mouse strains, B6J and B6N, which carry identical alleles of MHCII, H2-O, and H2-M. Using a positional cloning approach, we have identified two loci, polymorphic between B6J and B6N, that mediate the difference in MHCII presentation. Collectively, these studies reveal extra complexity in MHCII/H2-M/H-2O interactions that likely involve yet to be identified modulators of the pathway.
10.4049/jimmunol.2100061
Assembly, Intracellular Transport, and Release of MHC Class II Peptide Receptors.
Temme Sebastian,Temme Nadine,Koch Norbert
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
MHC class II molecules play a pivotal role for the induction and maintenance of immune responses against pathogens, but are also implicated in pathological conditions like autoimmune diseases or rejection of transplanted organs. Human antigen-presenting cells express three human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II isotypes (DR, DP, and DQ), which are, with the exception of DRα, composed of highly polymorphic α and β subunits. The combination of α- and β-chains results in a multitude of MHC-II αβ-heterodimers of the same isotype, but also isotype-mixed MHC class II molecules have been identified. Invariant chain chaperones the assembly of MHC-II molecules within the endoplasmatic reticulum and also facilitates the intracellular transport to MHC class II loading compartments (MIICs). MHC-II molecules are loaded with antigenic peptides and shuttled to the cell surface for inspection by CD4 T-cells. Alternatively, class-II molecules enriched on intraluminal vesicles can be released via exosomes into the extracellular space. Since some of the αβ-combinations may yield mismatched nonfunctional heterodimers, it is not entirely clear which type of HLA class II peptide receptors are transported to MIICs and found on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. We present techniques to inspect assembly, intracellular transport, cell surface expression, and exosomal release of MHC class II heterodimers.
10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_22
Macrophage: Key player in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
Frontiers in immunology
The macrophage is an essential part of the innate immune system and also serves as the bridge between innate immunity and adaptive immune response. As the initiator and executor of the adaptive immune response, macrophage plays an important role in various physiological processes such as immune tolerance, fibrosis, inflammatory response, angiogenesis and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Consequently, macrophage dysfunction is a vital cause of the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we mainly discuss the functions of macrophages in autoimmune diseases, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatic arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and type 1 diabetes (T1D), providing references for the treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases.
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080310
Macrophage Polarization.
Murray Peter J
Annual review of physiology
Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and the normal tissue environment. Three broad pathways control polarization: epigenetic and cell survival pathways that prolong or shorten macrophage development and viability, the tissue microenvironment, and extrinsic factors, such as microbial products and cytokines released in inflammation. A plethora of advances have provided a framework for rationally purifying, describing, and manipulating macrophage polarization. Here, I assess the current state of knowledge about macrophage polarization and enumerate the major questions about how activated macrophages regulate the physiology of normal and damaged tissues.
10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034339
The Role of Antigen Presentation in Tumor-Associated Macrophages.
Stopforth Richard J,Ward Elizabeth Sally
Critical reviews in immunology
Macrophages are cells of the myeloid lineage with important roles not only in immune regulation and tissue repair, but also in pathological states such as autoimmune disease and cancer. A plethora of macrophage subtypes exist with distinct phenotypes and functions, not least within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. The abundant macrophages located within the TME are often referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs may be pro-inflammatory with antitumor properties, or may have pro-tumor functions such as angiogenesis. Typically, TAMs are endowed with pro-tumor phenotypes, which has led to strategies to deplete or reprogram TAMs within the TME. Although historically recognized as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), macrophages are often considered inferior in their abilities to process and present antigens in comparison with dendritic cells (DCs). Notwithstanding, this review gives an overview of the potential accessory role that macrophages might have in antigen processing and presentation to T cells within the TME, with implications for the design of novel immunotherapies.
10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2020034910
Antigen Cross-Presentation by Macrophages.
Muntjewerff Elke M,Meesters Luca D,van den Bogaart Geert
Frontiers in immunology
The contribution of dendritic cell (DC) antigen cross-presentation to the activation of CD8 T lymphocytes for immune defense against tumors, viruses, and intracellular pathogens has been recognized widely. Although originally thought to be an exclusive characteristic of DCs, recently also other immune cells, particularly macrophages, have been shown capable of cross-presentation. Here we provide an overview of and evidence on cross-presentation by macrophages. As we discuss, it is now firmly established that various types of tissue-resident macrophages are able to cross-present via similar cellular pathways as DCs. This is based on a wide range of antigens in macrophages from many different tissue origins such as blood, tumors, and lymphoid tissue. However, the physiological relevance of macrophage cross-presentation with potential contributions to activation of CD8 T lymphocytes is still mostly unknown. While cross-presentation by various types of proinflammatory macrophages might be involved in cross-priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes, it might also be involved in local reactivation of memory and/or effector CD8 T lymphocytes. Moreover, cross-presentation by anti-inflammatory macrophages could be related to immune tolerance. Because cross-presentation promotes the initiation and potentiation of antigen-specific CD8 T lymphocyte responses, stimulating macrophages to cross-present antigen might be a promising strategy for antitumor or antiviral therapies.
10.3389/fimmu.2020.01276
CD4 T cells indirectly kill tumor cells via induction of cytotoxic macrophages in mouse models.
Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII
It is well recognized that CD4 T cells may play an important role in immunosurveillance and immunotherapy against cancer. However, the details of how these cells recognize and eliminate the tumor cells remain incompletely understood. For the past 25 years, we have focused on how CD4 T cells reject multiple myeloma cells in a murine model (MOPC315). In our experimental system, the secreted tumor-specific antigen is taken up by tumor-infiltrating macrophages that process it and present a neoepitope [a V region-derived idiotypic (Id) peptide] on MHC class II molecules to Th1 cells. Stimulated Th1 cells produce IFNγ, which activates macrophages in a manner that elicits an M1-like, tumoricidal phenotype. Through an inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS)-dependent mechanism, the M1 macrophages secrete nitric oxide (NO) that diffuses into neighboring tumor cells. Inside the tumor cells, NO-derived reactive nitrogen species, including peroxynitrite, causes nitrosylation of proteins and triggers apoptosis by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This mode of indirect tumor recognition by CD4 T cells operates independently of MHC class II expression on cancer cells. However, secretion of the tumor-specific antigen, and uptake and MHCII presentation on macrophages, is required for rejection. Similar mechanisms can also be observed in a B-lymphoma model and in the unrelated B16 melanoma model. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which CD4 T cells kill tumor cells indirectly via induction of intratumoral cytotoxic macrophages. The data suggest that induction of M1 polarization of tumor-infiltrating macrophages, by CD4 T cells or through other means, could serve as an immunotherapeutic strategy.
10.1007/s00262-019-02374-0
T cell costimulation, checkpoint inhibitors and anti-tumor therapy.
Nandi Dipankar,Pathak Sanmoy,Verma Taru,Singh Madhulika,Chattopadhyay Avik,Thakur Samriddhi,Raghavan Abinaya,Gokhroo Abhijeet,Vijayamahantesh
Journal of biosciences
The hallmarks of the adaptive immune response are specificity and memory. The cellular response is mediated by T cells which express cell surface T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize peptide antigens in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, binding of cognate TCRs with MHC-peptide complexes alone (signal 1) does not trigger optimal T cell activation. In addition to signal 1, the binding of positive and negative costimulatory receptors to their ligands modulates T cell activation. This complex signaling network prevents aberrant activation of T cells. CD28 is the main positive costimulatory receptor on naı¨ve T cells; upon activation, CTLA4 is induced but reduces T cell activation. Further studies led to the identification of additional negative costimulatory receptors known as checkpoints, e.g. PD1. This review chronicles the basic studies in T cell costimulation that led to the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors, i.e. antibodies to negative costimulatory receptors (e.g. CTLA4 and PD1) which reduce tumor growth. This discovery has been recognized with the award of the 2018 Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine. This review highlights the structural and functional roles of costimulatory receptors, the mechanisms by which checkpoint inhibitors work, the challenges encountered and future prospects.
Endocytosis mechanisms and the cell biology of antigen presentation.
Burgdorf Sven,Kurts Christian
Current opinion in immunology
Recent evidence revealed that presentation of soluble antigens is governed by the endocytosis mechanisms that determine the intracellular routing of the endocytosed antigens. Soluble antigens intended for classical exogenous MHC-II-restricted presentation are internalized into lysosomes. Soluble antigens destined for crosspresentation are taken up by distinct endocytosis mechanisms and are conveyed into stable early endosomes. Particulate antigens enter phagosomes, in which both MHC-I-restricted and MHC-II-restricted presentation is initiated. In this review, we discuss the mechanistical differences in presentation of soluble and particulate antigen, the correlation of various endocytic receptors with antigen routing and presentation, the differential expression of these receptors in antigen-presenting cell subsets with respect to their ability to crosspresent, and implications on the molecular mechanisms controlling cross-presentation.
10.1016/j.coi.2007.12.002
ECDI-fixed allogeneic splenocytes induce donor-specific tolerance for long-term survival of islet transplants via two distinct mechanisms.
Luo Xunrong,Pothoven Kathryn L,McCarthy Derrick,DeGutes Mathew,Martin Aaron,Getts Daniel R,Xia Guliang,He Jie,Zhang Xiaomin,Kaufman Dixon B,Miller Stephen D
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
A major challenge for human allogeneic islet transplantation is the development of effective methods to induce donor-specific tolerance to obviate the need for life-long immunosuppression that is toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells and detrimental to the host. We developed an efficient donor-specific tolerance therapy that utilizes infusions of ethylene carbodiimide (ECDI)-treated donor splenic antigen-presenting cells that results in indefinite survival of allogeneic islet grafts in the absence of immunosuppression. Furthermore, we show that induction of tolerance is critically dependent on synergistic effects between an intact programmed death 1 receptor-programmed death ligand 1 signaling pathway and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. This highly efficient antigen-specific therapy with a complete avoidance of immunosuppression has significant therapeutic potential in human islet cell transplantation.
10.1073/pnas.0805204105
ECDI-fixed allogeneic splenocytes combined with α1-antitrypsin prolong survival of rat renal allografts.
Chen Guodong,Li Jun,Chen Lizhong,Lai Xingqiang,Qiu Jiang
International immunopharmacology
Pre- and post-transplant infusions of donor splenocytes treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (ECDI-SPs) induce donor-specific tolerance and prolong rat renal allograft survival. However, proinflammatory cytokine production during peritransplantation negates the effects of ECDI-SPs. Therefore, we reasoned that blocking proinflammatory cytokines would promote long-term ECDI-SP-induced allograft survival. We therefore examined the effects of infusing ECDI-SPs alone or in combination with a short course of α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) on the long-term outcomes of a rat kidney allograft model. The data showed that ECDI-SPs+AAT promote renal allograft survival compared with ECDI-SPs alone. This effect was accompanied by expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs, enhanced alloantigen-specific Treg function, and modulation of expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In conclusion, our strategy of combining ECDI-SPs and AAT provides a promising approach for inducing specific transplant tolerance.
10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.035
The genetics of autoimmune-mediated rheumatic diseases: clinical and biologic implications.
Winchester Robert
Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America
This article emphasizes the interpretation of the meaning and significance of the genetic aspects of susceptibility to certain autoimmune-mediated rheumatic diseases. The familial aggregation and identical twin concordance that provides the basis of considering these as genetic diseases are reviewed. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are taken as the primary examples of candidate genes that regulate the immune response; the potential function of these genes in predisposing to autoimmune diseases is analyzed. Autoimmune diseases are discussed as the consequence of the role of MHC molecules encoded by different alleles that exhibit distinct peptide-binding properties and select a self reactive T-cell repertoire. The low penetrance rates of autoimmune-mediated rheumatic disease is used as an argument that stochastic events in the generation and postthymic maturation of the somatically expressed T-cell repertoire account for the characteristically delayed onset of these diseases. The importance of self-reactivity in the physiologic immune response is used as an argument that the events that are responsible for the development of an autoimmune disease are an untoward exaggeration of normal immune responsiveness, but not a qualitatively distinct biologic event.
10.1016/S0889-857X(03)00112-1
HLA-G and the MHC Cusp Theory.
Frontiers in immunology
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are significant genetic risk factors in a long list of diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain elusive in many cases. The best-characterized function of classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens is to allow safe presentation of antigenic peptides a self/non-self-discrimination process. Therefore, most hypotheses to date have posited that the observed associations between certain HLA molecules and human diseases involve antigen presentation (AP). However, these hypotheses often represent inconsistencies with current knowledge. To offer answers to the inconsistencies, a decade ago we have invoked the MHC Cusp theory, postulating that in addition to its main role in AP, the MHC codes for allele-specific molecules that act as ligands in a conformationally-conserved cusp-like fold, which upon interaction with cognate receptors can trigger MHC-associated diseases. In the ensuing years, we have provided empirical evidence that substantiates the theory in several HLA-Class II-associated autoimmune diseases. Notably, in a recent study we have demonstrated that alleles known to protect against several autoimmune diseases encode a protective epitope at the cusp region, which activates anti-inflammatory signaling leading to transcriptional and functional modulatory effects. Relevant to the topic of this session, cusp ligands demonstrate several similarities to the functional effects of HLA-G. The overall goal of this opinion article is to delineate the parallels and distinctive features of the MHC Cusp theory with structural and functional aspects of HLA-G molecules.
10.3389/fimmu.2022.814967
Mass spectrometry-based identification of MHC-bound peptides for immunopeptidomics.
Purcell Anthony W,Ramarathinam Sri H,Ternette Nicola
Nature protocols
Peptide antigens bound to molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and presented on the cell surface form the targets of T lymphocytes. This critical arm of the adaptive immune system facilitates the eradication of pathogen-infected and cancerous cells, as well as the production of antibodies. Methods to identify these peptide antigens are critical to the development of new vaccines, for which the goal is the generation of effective adaptive immune responses and long-lasting immune memory. Here, we describe a robust protocol for the identification of MHC-bound peptides from cell lines and tissues, using nano-ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (nUPLC-MS/MS) and recent improvements in methods for isolation and characterization of these peptides. The protocol starts with the immunoaffinity capture of naturally processed MHC-peptide complexes. The peptides dissociate from the class I human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) upon acid denaturation. This peptide cargo is then extracted and separated into fractions by HPLC, and the peptides in these fractions are identified using nUPLC-MS/MS. With this protocol, several thousand peptides can be identified from a wide variety of cell types, including cancerous and infected cells and those from tissues, with a turnaround time of 2-3 d.
10.1038/s41596-019-0133-y
T cell antigen receptor recognition of antigen-presenting molecules.
Rossjohn Jamie,Gras Stephanie,Miles John J,Turner Stephen J,Godfrey Dale I,McCluskey James
Annual review of immunology
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus encodes classical MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and nonclassical MHC-I molecules. The architecture of these molecules is ideally suited to capture and present an array of peptide antigens (Ags). In addition, the CD1 family members and MR1 are MHC class I-like molecules that bind lipid-based Ags and vitamin B precursors, respectively. These Ag-bound molecules are subsequently recognized by T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes. Structural and associated functional studies have been highly informative in providing insight into these interactions, which are crucial to immunity, and how they can lead to aberrant T cell reactivity. Investigators have determined over thirty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-I complex structures and twenty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-II complex structures. These investigations have shown a broad consensus in docking geometry and provided insight into MHC restriction. Structural studies on TCR-mediated recognition of lipid and metabolite Ags have been mostly confined to TCRs from innate-like natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, respectively. These studies revealed clear differences between TCR-lipid-CD1, TCR-metabolite-MR1, and TCR-peptide-MHC recognition. Accordingly, TCRs show remarkable structural and biological versatility in engaging different classes of Ag that are presented by polymorphic and monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules of the immune system.
10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112334
Innate immune response restarts adaptive immune response in tumors.
Frontiers in immunology
The imbalance of immune response plays a crucial role in the development of diseases, including glioblastoma. It is essential to comprehend how the innate immune system detects tumors and pathogens. Endosomal and cytoplasmic sensors can identify diverse cancer cell antigens, triggering the production of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This, in turn, stimulates interferon stimulating genes, enhancing the presentation of cancer antigens, and promoting T cell recognition and destruction of cancer cells. While RNA and DNA sensing of tumors and pathogens typically involve different receptors and adapters, their interaction can activate adaptive immune response mechanisms. This review highlights the similarity in RNA and DNA sensing mechanisms in the innate immunity of both tumors and pathogens. The aim is to enhance the anti-tumor innate immune response, identify regions of the tumor that are not responsive to treatment, and explore new targets to improve the response to conventional tumor therapy and immunotherapy.
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260705
Innate and Adaptive Immune Memory: an Evolutionary Continuum in the Host's Response to Pathogens.
Netea Mihai G,Schlitzer Andreas,Placek Katarzyna,Joosten Leo A B,Schultze Joachim L
Cell host & microbe
Immunological memory is an important evolutionary trait that improves host survival upon reinfection. Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Although the mechanisms and properties through which innate and adaptive immune memory are induced are distinct, they collude to improve host defense to pathogens. Here, we propose that innate immune memory, or "trained immunity," is a primitive form of adaptation in host defense, resulting from chromatin structure rearrangement, which provides an increased but non-specific response to reinfection. In contrast, adaptive immune memory is more advanced, with increased magnitude of response mediated through epigenetic changes, as well as specificity mediated by gene recombination. An integrative model of immune memory is important for broad understanding of host defense, and for identifying the most effective approaches to modulate it for the benefit of patients with infections and immune-mediated diseases.
10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.006