Secalonic acid D induces cell apoptosis in both sensitive and ABCG2-overexpressing multidrug resistant cancer cells through upregulating c-Jun expression.
Zhang Hong,Huang Liyan,Tao Liyang,Zhang Jianye,Wang Fang,Zhang Xu,Fu Liwu
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
Secalonic acid D (SAD) could inhibit cell growth in not only sensitive cells but also multidrug resistant (MDR) cells. However, the molecular mechanisms need to be elucidated. Here, we identified that SAD possessed potent cytotoxicity in 3 pairs of MDR and their parental sensitive cells including S1-MI-80 and S1, H460/MX20 and H460, MCF-7/ADR and MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, SAD induced cell G2/M phase arrest the downregulation of cyclin B1 and the increase of CDC2 phosphorylation. Importantly, JNK pathway upregulated the expression of c-Jun in protein level and increased c-Jun phosphorylation induced by SAD, which was linked to cell apoptosis c-Jun/Src/STAT3 pathway. To investigate the mechanisms of upregulation of c-Jun protein by SAD, the mRNA expression level and degradation of c-Jun were examined. We found that SAD did not alter the mRNA level of c-Jun but inhibited its proteasome-dependent degradation. Taken together, these results implicate that SAD induces cancer cell death through c-Jun/Src/STAT3 signaling axis by inhibiting the proteasome-dependent degradation of c-Jun in both sensitive cells and ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2)-mediated MDR cells.
10.1016/j.apsb.2018.12.006
Regorafenib antagonizes BCRP-mediated multidrug resistance in colon cancer.
Zhang Yun-Kai,Wang Yi-Jun,Lei Zi-Ning,Zhang Guan-Nan,Zhang Xiao-Yu,Wang De-Shen,Al-Rihani Sweilem B,Shukla Suneet,Ambudkar Suresh V,Kaddoumi Amal,Shi Zhi,Chen Zhe-Sheng
Cancer letters
Overexpression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) has been shown to produce multidrug resistance (MDR) in colon cancer, leading to major obstacles for chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of regorafenib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor, in inhibiting BCRP-mediated MDR in silico, in vitro and in vivo. We found that regorafenib significantly sensitized MDR colon cancer cells to BCRP substrates by increasing their intracellular accumulation. There are no significant changes in the expression level or the subcellular distribution of BCRP in the cells exposed to regorafenib. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that regorafenib stimulated BCRP ATPase activity. Our induced-fit docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggested the existence of a strong and stable interaction between regorafenib and the transmembrane domain of human crystalized BCRP. In vivo tumor xenograft study revealed that the combination of regorafenib and topotecan exhibited synergistic effects on mitoxantrone-resistant S1-M1-80 xenograft tumors. In conclusion, our studies indicate that regorafenib would be beneficial in combating MDR in colon cancer.
10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.032
Chemical inhibition and stable knock-down of efflux transporters leads to reduced glucuronidation of wushanicaritin in UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells: the role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the excretion of glucuronides.
Qin Zifei,Li Shishi,Yao Zhihong,Hong Xiaodan,Wu Baojian,Krausz Kristopher W,Gonzalez Frank J,Gao Hao,Yao Xinsheng
Food & function
Active efflux transport of glucuronides out of cells is a critical process in elimination of drugs and food-derived compounds. Wushanicaritin, a natural polyphenol from Epimedium species, has shown many biological activities. However, the transporters responsible for excretion of wushanicaritin glucuronides still remain undefined. Herein, chemical inhibitors (Ko143, MK571, dipyridamole and leukotriene C4) and single stable knocked-down efflux transporters (BCRP, MRP1, MRP3 and MRP4) were used to determine the contributions of efflux transporters to glucuronide efflux and cellular glucuronidation in UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells (HeLa1A1). Knock-down of transporters was performed by stable transfection of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) using lentiviral vectors. The HeLa1A1 cell lysate catalyzed wushanicaritin glucuronidation, generating wushanicaritin-3-O-glucuronide and wushanicaritin-7-O-glucuronide. Ko143 (a dual inhibitor of BCRP, 5-20 μM) caused a marked decrease in excretion rate (maximal 53.4%) and increase of intracellular glucuronides (maximal 86.0%), while MK-571 (an inhibitor of MRPs, 5-20 μM) resulted in a significant reduction in excretion rate (maximal 64.6%) and rise of intracellular glucuronides (maximal 98.0%). By contrast, dipyridamole and leukotriene C4 showed no inhibitory effects on glucuronide excretion. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated silencing of a target transporter led to a marked reduction in the excretion rate of wushanicaritin glucuronides (maximal 33.8% for BCRP; 25.9% for MRP1; 26.7% for MRP3; 39.3% for MRP4). Transporter silencing also led to substantial decreases in efflux clearance (maximal 61.5% for BCRP; 48.7% for MRP1; 35.1% for MRP3; 63.1% for MRP4). In conclusion, chemical inhibition and gene silencing results suggested that BCRP, MRP1, MRP3 and MRP4 were significant contributors to excretion of wushanicaritin glucuronides.
10.1039/c7fo01298e
The Fusion Gene Induces Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties and Therapeutic Resistance in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Zhong Qian,Liu Zhi-Hua,Lin Zhi-Rui,Hu Ze-Dong,Yuan Li,Liu Yan-Min,Zhou Ai-Jun,Xu Li-Hua,Hu Li-Juan,Wang Zi-Feng,Guan Xin-Yuan,Hao Jia-Jie,Lui Vivian W Y,Guo Ling,Mai Hai-Qiang,Chen Ming-Yuan,Han Fei,Xia Yun-Fei,Grandis Jennifer R,Zhang Xing,Zeng Mu-Sheng
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common head and neck cancer in Southeast Asia. Because local recurrence and distant metastasis are still the main causes of NPC treatment failure, it is urgent to identify new tumor markers and therapeutic targets for advanced NPC. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was applied to look for interchromosome translocation in NPC. PCR, FISH, and immunoprecipitation were used to examine the fusion gene expression at RNA, DNA, and protein levels in NPC biopsies. MTT assay, colony formation assay, sphere formation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and chemoresistance assay were applied to explore the function of in NPC. We demonstrated that was present in 10.03% (35/349) primary NPC biopsies and 10.7% (9/84) in head and neck cancer (HNC) samples. RARS-MAD1L1 overexpression increased cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumorigenicity , and the silencing of endogenous RARS-MAD1L1 reduced cancer cell growth and colony formation In addition, RARS-MAD1L1 increased the side population (SP) ratio and induced chemo- and radioresistance. Furthermore RARS-MAD1L1 interacted with AIMP2, which resulted in activation of FUBP1/c-Myc pathway. The silencing of FUBP1 or the administration of a c-Myc inhibitor abrogated the cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics induced by RARS-MAD1L1. The expression of c-Myc and ABCG2 was higher in -positive HNC samples than in negative samples. Our findings indicate that RARS-MAD1L1 might contribute to tumorigenesis, CSC-like properties, and therapeutic resistance, at least in part, through the FUBP1/c-Myc axis, implying that might serve as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention for NPC. .
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0352
Susceptibility of juvenile and adult blood-brain barrier to endothelin-1: regulation of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein expression and transport activity.
Harati Rania,Villégier Anne-Sophie,Banks William A,Mabondzo Aloise
Journal of neuroinflammation
BACKGROUND:P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) play a critical role in keeping neurotoxic substances from entering the brain. We and others have previously reported an impact of inflammation on the regulation of adult blood-brain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters. However, studies in children have not been done. From the pediatric clinical perspective, it is important to understand how the central nervous system (CNS) and BBB drug efflux transporters differ in childhood from those of adults under normal and inflammatory conditions. Therefore, we examined and compared the regulation of P-gp and BCRP expression and transport activity in young and adult BBB and investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses. METHODS:Rats at postnatal day (P) P21 and P84, corresponding to the juvenile and adult stages of human brain maturation, respectively, were treated with endothelin-1 (ET-1) given by the intracerebroventricular (icv) route. Twenty-four hours later, we measured P-gp and BCRP protein expression in isolated brain capillary by immunoblotting as well as by transport activity in vivo by measuring the unbound drug partitioning coefficient of the brain (K(p,uu,brain)) of known efflux transporter substrates administered intravenously. Glial activation was measured by immunohistochemistry. The release of cytokines/chemokines (interleukins-1α, 1-β (IL-1β), -6 (IL-6), -10 (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1/CCL2), fractalkine and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1)) were simultaneously measured in brain and serum samples using the Agilent Technology cytokine microarray. RESULTS:We found that juvenile and adult BBBs exhibited similar P-gp and BCRP transport activities in the normal physiological conditions. However, long-term exposure of the juvenile brain to low-dose of ET-1 did not change BBB P-gp transport activity but tended to decrease BCRP transport activity in the juvenile brain, while a significant increase of the activity of both transporters was evidenced at the BBB in the adult brain. Moreover, juvenile and adult brain showed differences in their expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines mediated by ET-1. CONCLUSIONS:BBB transporter activity during neuroinflammation differs between the juvenile and adult brains. These findings emphasize the importance of considering differential P-gp and BCRP transport regulation mechanisms between adult and juvenile BBB in the context of neuroinflammation.
10.1186/1742-2094-9-273
Interaction of 11C-tariquidar and 11C-elacridar with P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein at the human blood-brain barrier.
Bauer Martin,Karch Rudolf,Zeitlinger Markus,Stanek Johann,Philippe Cécile,Wadsak Wolfgang,Mitterhauser Markus,Jäger Walter,Haslacher Helmuth,Müller Markus,Langer Oliver
Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine
UNLABELLED:The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are 2 major gatekeepers at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that restrict brain distribution of several clinically used drugs. In this study, we investigated the suitability of the radiolabeled Pgp/BCRP inhibitors (11)C-tariquidar and (11)C-elacridar to assess Pgp density in the human brain with PET. METHODS:Healthy subjects underwent a first PET scan of 120-min duration with either (11)C-tariquidar (n = 6) or (11)C-elacridar (n = 5) followed by a second PET scan of 60-min duration with (R)-(11)C-verapamil. During scan 1 (at 60 min after radiotracer injection), unlabeled tariquidar (3 mg/kg) was intravenously administered. Data were analyzed using 1-tissue 2-rate-constant (1T2K) and 2-tissue 4-rate-constant (2T4K) compartment models and either metabolite-corrected or uncorrected arterial input functions. RESULTS:After injection of (11)C-tariquidar or (11)C-elacridar, the brain PET signal corrected for radioactivity in the vasculature was low (~0.1 standardized uptake value), with slow washout. In response to tariquidar injection, a moderate but statistically significant rise in brain PET signal was observed for (11)C-tariquidar (+27% ± 15%, P = 0.014, paired t test) and (11)C-elacridar (+21% ± 15%, P = 0.014) without changes in plasma activity concentrations. Low levels of radiolabeled metabolites (<25%) were detected in plasma up to 60 min after injection of (11)C-tariquidar or (11)C-elacridar. The 2T4K model provided better data fits than the 1T2K model. Model outcome parameters were similar when metabolite-corrected or uncorrected input functions were used. There was no significant correlation between distribution volumes of (11)C-tariquidar or (11)C-elacridar and distribution volumes of (R)-(11)C-verapamil in different brain regions. CONCLUSION:The in vivo behavior of (11)C-tariquidar and (11)C-elacridar was consistent with that of dual Pgp/BCRP substrates. Both tracers were unable to visualize cerebral Pgp density, most likely because of insufficiently high binding affinities in relation to the low density of Pgp in human brain (∼1.3 nM). Despite their inability to visualize Pgp density, (11)C-tariquidar and (11)C-elacridar may find use as a new class of radiotracers to study the interplay of Pgp and BCRP at the human BBB in limiting brain uptake of dual substrates.
10.2967/jnumed.112.118232
Cytotoxicity of cucurbitacin E from Citrullus colocynthis against multidrug-resistant cancer cells.
Saeed Mohamed E M,Boulos Joelle C,Elhaboub Gihan,Rigano Daniela,Saab Antoine,Loizzo Monica R,Hassan Loiy E A,Sugimoto Yoshikazu,Piacente Sonia,Tundis Rosa,Yagi Sakina,Khalid Hassan,Efferth Thomas
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
BACKGROUND:Cucurbitacin E (CuE) is an oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid isolated from the fruits of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. PURPOSE:This study outlines CuE's cytotoxic activity against drug-resistant tumor cell lines. Three members of ABC transporters superfamily, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and ABCB5 were investigated, whose overexpression in tumors is tightly linked to multidrug resistance. Further factors of drug resistance studied were the tumor suppressor TP53 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). METHODS:Cytotoxicity assays (resazurin assays) were used to investigate the activity of Citrullus colocynthis and CuE towards multidrug resistant cancer cells. Molecular docking (In silico) has been carried out to explore the CuE's mode of binding to ABC transporters (P-gp, BCRP and ABCB5). The visualization of doxorubicin uptake was done by a Spinning Disc Confocal Microscope. The assessment of proteins expression was done by western blotting analysis. COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses were applied to identify, which genes correlate with sensitivity or resistance to cucurbitacins (CuA, CuB, CuE, CuD, CuI, and CuK). RESULTS:Multidrug-resistant cells overexpressing P-gp or BCRP were cross-resistant to CuE. By contrast, TP53 knock-out cells were sensitive to CuE. Remarkably, resistant cells transfected with oncogenic ΔEGFR or ABCB5 were hypersensitive (collateral sensitive) to CuE. In silico analyses demonstrated that CuE is a substrate for P-gp and BCRP. Immunoblot analyses highlighted that CuE targeted EGFR and silenced its downstream signaling cascades. The most striking result that emerged from the doxorubicin uptake by ABCB5 overexpressing cells is that CuE is an effective inhibitor for ABCB5 transporter when compared with verapamil. The COMPARE analyses of transcriptome-wide expression profiles of tumor cell lines of the NCI identified common genes involved in cell cycle regulation, cellular adhesion and intracellular communication for different cucurbitacins. CONCLUSION:CuE represents a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of certain types of refractory tumors. To best of our knowledge, this is the first time to identify CuE and verapamil as inhibitors for ABCB5 transporter.
10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152945
Quantitative analysis of breast cancer resistance protein and cellular resistance to flavopiridol in acute leukemia patients.
Nakanishi Takeo,Karp Judith E,Tan Ming,Doyle L Austin,Peters Todd,Yang Weidong,Wei David,Ross Douglas D
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:Flavopiridol is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor currently undergoing human clinical trials. As clinical development is pursued, it becomes important to evaluate resistance mechanisms to flavopiridol. To elucidate the contribution of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) to cellular resistance to flavopiridol in acute myeloid leukemia, we studied the relationship between cellular resistance to flavopiridol and mRNA expression of BCRP or P-glycoprotein (P-gp, product of MDR1gene) in blast cells from adult patients with acute leukemia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:Twenty-one blast cell samples from 20 patients were studied. The expression of BCRP, P-gp, or beta-actin mRNA was determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, using fluorescent hybridization probes to evaluate codon 482, a known site of mutations in BCRP mRNA. In vitro cell viability and apoptosis were examined after 24 h exposure to flavopiridol. RESULTS:BCRP mRNA expression varied over a 200-fold range. In the blast cell samples with BCRP mRNA expression > 10000 copies/pg beta-actin (n = 9), BCRP mRNA correlated proportionally with cell viability in the presence of 250 nM flavopiridol (r = 0.86, P = 0.003) and with apoptosis induced by flavopiridol (r = 0.71, P = 0.031). In contrast, MDR1mRNA expression did not correlate with either flavopiridol cytotoxicity or induction of apoptosis. Melting point analysis of the hybridization probes determined that all 21 patient samples had arginine at codon 482 of BCRP mRNA, the wild-type form. CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that unlike P-gp, BCRP may play a role in leukemia cellular resistance to flavopiridol. No mutations at codon 482 were observed in BCRP mRNA in this group of patients.
Multidrug resistance genes in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Ara-C is not a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein.
Stam R W,van den Heuvel-Eibrink M M,den Boer M L,Ebus M E G,Janka-Schaub G E,Allen J D,Pieters R
Leukemia
Infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are more resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs than older children with ALL, except for Ara-C. Drug resistance mechanisms in infant ALL, however, remain unknown. Possibly, multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins like P-glycoprotein, MDR-associated protein (MRP1), lung resistance-related protein (LRP/MVP) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) play a role. Accordingly, we measured the mRNA levels of these proteins in infants (n=13) and non-infants (n=13) with ALL, using quantitative RT-PCR. Infants expressed 2.4-fold less BCRP mRNA (P=0.009) than non-infants with ALL. MDR1, MRP1 and LRP/MVP expression did not differ between both groups. MDR gene expression levels did not correlate to prednisolone, vincristine, daunorubicin or Ara-C cytotoxicity, except for BCRP expression, which correlated with resistance to Ara-C (Rs=0.53, P=0.012), suggesting that Ara-C might be a BCRP substrate. However, culturing patients ALL cells in the presence of the BCRP inhibitor Ko143 had no effect on Ara-C sensitivity. Inhibiting Bcrp1 in the Mdr1a-, Mdr1b- and Mrp1-deficient and Bcrp1-overexpressing mouse cell line Mef3.8/T6400, also did not modulate Ara-C cytotoxicity. Therefore, we conclude that Ara-C is not a substrate for BCRP and that MDR proteins do not play a significant role in drug resistance in infant ALL.
10.1038/sj.leu.2403168
Collateral sensitivity of drug-resistant ABCB5- and mutation-activated EGFR overexpressing cells towards resveratrol due to modulation of SIRT1 expression.
Saeed Mohamed E M,Rahama Muhammad,Kuete Victor,Dawood Mona,Elbadawi Mohamed,Sugimoto Yoshikazu,Efferth Thomas
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
BACKGROUND:In the drug discovery field, natural products deemed a precious source of novel lead compounds. They have the ability to bypass or overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. PURPOSE:In this study, the natural polyphenolic stilbene resveratrol (RES) has been studied for its cytotoxic activity toward MDR cancer cells. METHODS:Resazurin assay was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of RES not only against a panel of drug-resistant cancer cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein/ABCB1, BCRP/ABCG2, ABCB5 (ATP-binding cassette transporters), but also mutation-activated EGFR. The assessment of proteins expression was done by Western blot analysis. COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses were applied to identify, which genes correlate with sensitivity or resistance to RES. The NF-κB activation was evaluated using NF-kB reporter cells assay. RESULTS:Interestingly, MDR cells overexpressing ABCB5 and mutation-activated EGFR were collateral sensitive (CS) to RES. Our immunoblotting analysis highlighted that CS may be attributed to RES-induced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) overexpression. Indeed, the SIRT1 inhibitor, sirtinol completely abolished CS to RES, indicating a causative role of SIRT1 for CS to RES. In addition, COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of transcriptomic data indicated genes associated with diverse cellular mechanisms ranging from the immune response, inflammation signaling, and microtubule formation to cell migration. Searching for transcription factor binding motifs in the promoters of these genes pointed to NF-κB as one of the master regulators related to RES activity. CONCLUSION:The findings demonstrate that RES alone or in combination with established chemotherapeutic agents might overcome the refractory tumors. This information may be immensely useful for the development of personalized treatment.
10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152890
Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Chip Enables Single-Cell Measurements for Multidrug Resistance in Heterogeneous Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patient Samples.
Khamenehfar Avid,Gandhi Maher K,Chen Yuchun,Hogge Donna E,Li Paul C H
Analytical chemistry
The front-line treatment for adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy. However, treatment outcomes remain suboptimal with relapses frequently observed. Among the mechanisms of treatment failure is multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by the ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 drug-efflux transporters. Although genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity between leukemic blast cells is a well-recognized phenomenon, there remains minimal data on differences in MDR activity at the individual cell level. Specifically, functional assays that can distinguish the variability in MDR activity between individual leukemic blasts are lacking. Here, we outline a new dielectrophoretic (DEP) chip-based assay. This assay permits measurement of drug accumulation in single cells, termed same-single-cell analysis in the accumulation mode (SASCA-A). Initially, the assay was optimized in pretherapy samples from 20 adults with AML whose leukemic blasts had MDR activity against the anthracyline daunorubicin (DNR) tested using multiple MDR inhibitors. Parameters tested were initial drug accumulation, time to achieve signal saturation, fold-increase of DNR accumulation with MDR inhibition, ease of cell trapping, and ease of maintaining the trapped cells stationary. This enabled categorization into leukemic blast cells with MDR activity (MDR(+)) and leukemic blast cells without MDR activity (MDR(-ve)). Leukemic blasts could also be distinguished from benign white blood cells (notably these also lacked MDR activity). MDR(-ve) blasts were observed to be enriched in samples taken from patients who went on to enter complete remission (CR), whereas MDR(+) blasts were frequently observed in patients who failed to achieve CR following front-line chemotherapy. However, pronounced variability in functional MDR activity between leukemic blasts was observed, with MDR(+) cells not infrequently seen in some patients that went on to achieve CR. Next, we tested MDR activity in two paired AML patient samples. Pretherapy samples taken from patients that achieved CR to front-line chemotherapy were compared with samples taken at time of subsequent relapse. MDR(+) cells were frequently observed in leukemic blast cells in both pretherapy and relapsed samples, consistent with MDR as a mechanism of relapse in these patients. We demonstrate the ability of a new DEP microfluidic chip-based assay to identify heterogeneity in MDR activity in leukemic blasts. The test provides a platform for future studies to characterize the mechanistic basis for heterogeneity in MDR activity at the individual cell level.
10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04446
Suppressing STAT5 signaling affects osteosarcoma growth and stemness.
Cell death & disease
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor that primarily affects children and adolescents. Studies suggested that dysregulation JAK/STAT signaling promotes the development of OS. Cells treated with pimozide, a STAT5 inhibitor suppressed proliferation and colony formation and induced sub G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. There was a reduction in cyclin D1 and CDK2 expression and Rb phosphorylation, and activation of Caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. In addition, pimozide suppressed the formation of 3-dimensional osteospheres and growth of the cells in the Tumor in a Dish lung organoid system. Furthermore, there was a reduction in expression of cancer stem cell marker proteins DCLK1, CD44, CD133, Oct-4, and ABCG2. More importantly, it was the short form of DCLK1 that was upregulated in osteospheres, which was suppressed in response to pimozide. We further confirmed by flow cytometry a reduction in DCLK1+ cells. Moreover, pimozide inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT5, STAT3, and ERK in OS cells. Molecular docking studies suggest that pimozide interacts with STAT5A and STAT5B with binding energies of -8.4 and -6.4 Kcal/mol, respectively. Binding was confirmed by cellular thermal shift assay. To further understand the role of STAT5, we knocked down the two isoforms using specific siRNAs. While knockdown of the proteins did not affect the cells, knockdown of STAT5B reduced pimozide-induced necrosis and further enhanced late apoptosis. To determine the effect of pimozide on tumor growth in vivo, we administered pimozide intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW every day for 21 days in mice carrying KHOS/NP tumor xenografts. Pimozide treatment significantly suppressed xenograft growth. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses also demonstrated significant inhibition of stem cell marker proteins. Together, these data suggest that pimozide treatment suppresses OS growth by targeting both proliferating cells and stem cells at least in part by inhibiting the STAT5 signaling pathway.
10.1038/s41419-020-2335-1
Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP2A induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increases the number of side population stem-like cancer cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Kong Qing-Li,Hu Li-Juan,Cao Jing-Yan,Huang Yi-Jun,Xu Li-Hua,Liang Yi,Xiong Dan,Guan Su,Guo Bao-Hong,Mai Hai-Qiang,Chen Qiu-Yan,Zhang Xing,Li Man-Zhi,Shao Jian-Yong,Qian Chao-Nan,Xia Yun-Fei,Song Li-Bing,Zeng Yi-Xin,Zeng Mu-Sheng
PLoS pathogens
It has been recently reported that a side population of cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) displayed characteristics of stem-like cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of such stem-like cell populations in NPC remain unclear. Epstein-Barr virus was the first identified human tumor virus to be associated with various malignancies, most notably NPC. LMP2A, the Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent protein, has been reported to play roles in oncogenic processes. We report by immunostaining in our current study that LMP2A is overexpressed in 57.6% of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumors sampled and is mainly localized at the tumor invasive front. We found also in NPC cells that the exogenous expression of LMP2A greatly increases their invasive/migratory ability, induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like cellular marker alterations, and stimulates stem cell side populations and the expression of stem cell markers. In addition, LMP2A enhances the transforming ability of cancer cells in both colony formation and soft agar assays, as well as the self-renewal ability of stem-like cancer cells in a spherical culture assay. Additionally, LMP2A increases the number of cancer initiating cells in a xenograft tumor formation assay. More importantly, the endogenous expression of LMP2A positively correlates with the expression of ABCG2 in NPC samples. Finally, we demonstrate that Akt inhibitor (V) greatly decreases the size of the stem cell side populations in LMP2A-expressing cells. Taken together, our data indicate that LMP2A induces EMT and stem-like cell self-renewal in NPC, suggesting a novel mechanism by which Epstein-Barr virus induces the initiation, metastasis and recurrence of NPC.
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000940
Expression and activity of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in de novo and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia.
van der Kolk Dorina M,Vellenga Edo,Scheffer George L,Müller Michael,Bates Susan E,Scheper Rik J,de Vries Elisabeth G E
Blood
Overexpression of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) efflux pump in human cancer cell lines results in resistance to a variety of cytostatic agents. The aim of this study was to analyze BCRP protein expression and activity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples and to determine whether it is up-regulated due to clonal selection at relapse/refractory disease. BCRP protein expression was measured flow cytometrically with the monoclonal antibodies BXP-34 and BXP-21 in 20 paired samples of de novo and relapsed/refractory AML. BXP-34/immunoglobulin G1 ratios were observed of 1.6 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SD, range 0.8-2.7) and BXP-21/immunoglobulin G2a ratios of 4.9 +/- 3.0 (range 1.1-14.5) in the patient samples versus 9.8 +/- 6.8 and 6.5 +/- 2.4, respectively, in the MCF-7 cell line. BCRP activity was determined flow cytometrically by measuring mitoxantrone accumulation in absence and presence of the inhibitor fumitremorgin C. Mitoxantrone accumulation, expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), varied between 44 and 761 MFI (227 +/- 146 MFI) and correlated inversely with BCRP expression (r = -0.58, P <.001). Addition of fumitremorgin C showed a small increase in mitoxantrone accumulation (11 +/- 29 MFI, n = 40) apart from the effect of PSC833 and MK-571. No consistent up-regulation of BCRP expression or activity was observed at relapse/refractory disease; some cases showed an increase and other cases a decrease at relapse. Relatively high BCRP expression correlated with immature immunophenotype, as determined by expression of the surface marker CD34 (r = 0.54, P =.001). In conclusion, this study shows that BCRP protein is expressed at low but variable levels in AML, especially in immature CD34(+) cells. BCRP was not consistently up-regulated in relapsed/refractory AML.
10.1182/blood.v99.10.3763
Cyclosporin A is a broad-spectrum multidrug resistance modulator.
Qadir Misbah,O'Loughlin Kieran L,Fricke Stacy M,Williamson Nicole A,Greco William R,Minderman Hans,Baer Maria R
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:Overexpression of the multidrug resistance proteins P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance protein (MRP-1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and lung resistance protein (LRP) is associated with treatment failure in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other malignancies. The Pgp modulator cyclosporin A has shown clinical efficacy in AML, whereas its analogue PSC-833 has not. Cyclosporin A is known to also modulate MRP-1, and we hypothesized that broad-spectrum multidrug resistance modulation might contribute to its clinical efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:We studied the effects of cyclosporin A and PSC-833 on in vitro drug retention and cytotoxicity in resistant cell lines overexpressing Pgp, MRP-1, and BCRP and on nuclear-cytoplasmic drug distribution and cytotoxicity in cells overexpressing LRP. Cellular drug content was assessed by flow cytometry and nuclear-cytoplasmic drug distribution by confocal microscopy. RESULTS:Cyclosporin A enhanced retention of the substrate drug mitoxantrone in cells overexpressing Pgp (HL60/VCR), MRP-1 (HL60/ADR), and BCRP (8226/MR20, HEK-293 482R) and increased cytotoxicity 6-, 4-, 4-, and 3-fold, respectively. Moreover, cyclosporin A enhanced nuclear distribution of doxorubicin in 8226/MR20 cells, which also express LRP, and increased doxorubicin cytotoxicity 12-fold without an effect on cellular doxorubicin content, consistent with expression of wild-type BCRP, which does not efflux doxorubicin. Cyclosporin A also enhanced nuclear doxorubicin distribution in a second cell line with LRP overexpression, HT1080/DR4. PSC-833 enhanced mitoxantrone retention and cytotoxicity in cells overexpressing Pgp, but had no effect in cells overexpressing MRP-1, BCRP, or LRP. CONCLUSIONS:Cyclosporin A modulates Pgp, MRP-1, BCRP, and LRP, and this broad-spectrum activity may contribute to its clinical efficacy.
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1725
Potent and Nontoxic Chemosensitizer of P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance in Cancer: Synthesis and Evaluation of Methylated Epigallocatechin, Gallocatechin, and Dihydromyricetin Derivatives.
Wong Iris L K,Wang Bao-Chao,Yuan Jian,Duan Liang-Xing,Liu Zhen,Liu Tao,Li Xue-Min,Hu Xuesen,Zhang Xiao-Yu,Jiang Tao,Wan Sheng-Biao,Chow Larry M C
Journal of medicinal chemistry
We are interested in developing novel natural product-derived P-gp inhibitors to reverse cancer drug resistance. Here, we have synthesized 55 novel derivatives of methylated epigallocatechin (EGC), gallocatechin (GC), and dihydromyricetin (DHM). Three EGC derivatives (23, 35, and 36) and three GC derivatives (50, 51, and 53) are significantly better than epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with a relative fold (RF) ranging from 31.4 to 53.6. The effective concentration (EC50) of 23 and 51 ranges from 102 to 195 nM. Compounds 23 and 51 are noncytotoxic to fibroblasts with IC50 > 100 μM. Compound 23 is specific for P-gp without modulating activity toward MRP1 or BCRP. Compounds 23 and 51 are non-P-gp substrates. Important pharmacophores for P-gp modulation were identified. In summary, methylated EGC and GC derivatives represent a new class of potent, specific, noncytotoxic, and nonsubstrate P-gp modulators.
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00085
Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues.
Maliepaard M,Scheffer G L,Faneyte I F,van Gastelen M A,Pijnenborg A C,Schinkel A H,van De Vijver M J,Scheper R J,Schellens J H
Cancer research
High expression of the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) gene has been shown to be involved in resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Knowledge of the localization of BCRP protein in normal tissues may help unravel the normal function of this protein. Therefore, we characterized the tissue distribution and cellular localization of BCRP in frozen sections of normal human tissues. For this purpose, we used the recently described monoclonal antibody BXP-34 and another independently developed monoclonal antibody directed against BCRP, BXP-21. Both monoclonal antibodies show specific BCRP plasma membrane staining on cytospins obtained from topotecan- or mitoxantrone-selected cell lines, as well as from BCRP-transfected cell lines. Immunoprecipitation experiments using either BXP-21 or BXP-34 yielded a clear M(r) 72,000 BCRP band from BCRP-overexpressing tumor cells. In the topotecan-selected T8 and mitoxantrone-selected MX3 tumor cell lines, BCRP turned out to be differentially glycosylated. In contrast to BXP-34, BXP-21 is able to detect the M(r) 72,000 BCRP protein on immunoblots and is reactive with BCRP in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Using BXP-21 and BXP-34, prominent staining of BCRP was observed in placental syncytiotrophoblasts, in the epithelium of the small intestine and colon, in the liver canalicular membrane, and in ducts and lobules of the breast. Furthermore, BCRP was present in veinous and capillary endothelium, but not in arterial endothelium in all of the tissues investigated. In the tissues studied, the mRNA levels of BCRP were assessed using reverse transcription-PCR, and these corresponded with the levels of BCRP protein estimated from immunohistochemical staining. The presence of BCRP at the placental syncytiotrophoblasts is consistent with the hypothesis of a protective role of BCRP for the fetus. The apical localization in the epithelium of the small intestine and colon indicates a possible role of BCRP in the regulation of the uptake of p.o. administered BCRP substrates by back-transport of substrate drugs entering from the gut lumen. Therefore, it may be useful to attempt to modulate the uptake of p.o. delivered BCRP substrates, e.g., topotecan or irinotecan, by using a BCRP inhibitor. Clinical trials testing this hypothesis have been initiated in our institute.
Surmounting cancer drug resistance: New insights from the perspective of N-methyladenosine RNA modification.
Li Bowen,Jiang Jingwen,Assaraf Yehuda G,Xiao Hengyi,Chen Zhe-Sheng,Huang Canhua
Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy
Despite the development of targeted therapy, drug resistance remains a primary hindrance to curative treatment of various cancers. Among several novel approaches to overcome drug resistance, modulating N-methyladenosine (mA) RNA modification was found to be an important strategy in various types of cancer cells. Considered as one of the most common epigenetic RNA modifications, mA regulates multiple biological processes including cellular proliferation, metabolism, and metastasis through modulation of RNA splicing, degradation, and translation, leading to anticancer drug resistance. This regulatory network is orchestrated mainly by several mA regulators, including "writers", "readers", and "erasers". It is encouraging that several small molecules targeting mA regulators have shown great potential in overcoming drug resistance in different cancer cell types, two of which entacapone and meclofenamate, are currently undergoing evaluation. However, the mA modification participates in complex biological processes and its functions are context-dependent, which has challenged the clinical application of targeting the mA modification in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the mA modification in regulating anticancer drug resistance through modulation of drug-target interaction and drug-mediated cell death signaling. Alteration of the mA modification interferes with drug efficacy through modulation of the expression of multidrug efflux transporters (e.g., ABCG2, ABCC9, ABCC10), drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP2C8), and drug targets (e.g., p53 R273 H). Furthermore, alterations of the mA modification may protect cells from drug-mediated cell death by regulating DNA damage repair (e.g., p53, BRCA1, Pol κ, UBE2B, and ERCC1), downstream adaptive response (e.g., critical regulators of apoptosis, autophagy, pro-survival signaling, and oncogenic bypass signaling), cell stemness, and tumor microenvironment (e.g., ITGA6, ITGB3, and PD-1). We particularly highlight recent advances in therapeutic strategies targeting the mA modification with the aim to surmount chemoresistance. The comprehensive understanding of the role of the mA modification integrated with combined therapeutic strategies, should facilitate the development of future therapeutic strategies to circumvent or surmount drug resistance, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
10.1016/j.drup.2020.100720
c-Kit mediates chemoresistance and tumor-initiating capacity of ovarian cancer cells through activation of Wnt/β-catenin-ATP-binding cassette G2 signaling.
Chau W K,Ip C K,Mak A S C,Lai H-C,Wong A S T
Oncogene
Cisplatin and paclitaxel are standard chemotherapy for metastatic ovarian cancer, but with limited efficacy. Cancer stem/progenitor cells (or tumor-initiating cells, TICs) are hypothesized to be chemoresistant, and the existence of TICs in ovarian cancer has been previously demonstrated. However, the key signals and molecular events regulating the formation and expansion of ovarian tumor-initiating cells (OTICs) remain elusive. Here, we show that c-Kit is not just a marker of OTICs, but also a critical mediator of the phenotype that can be a viable target for the treatment of ovarian cancer. In contrast to non-OICs, c-Kit was overexpressed in OTICs. Moreover, the use of small interfering RNA to inhibit c-Kit expression markedly attenuated the number and size of OTIC subpopulations, inhibited the expression of stem cell markers and decreased the tumorigenic capabilities of OTICs. Imatinib (Gleevec), a clinical drug that blocks c-Kit kinase activity, also demonstrated its inhibition potency on OTICs. In addition, cisplatin/paclitaxel, which killed non-OTICs, with c-Kit knockdown or imatinib revealed that this was critically required for intervening ovarian cancer progression and recurrence in vitro and in xenograft tumors in vivo. Similar results were obtained with OTICs derived from ovarian carcinoma patients. Studies into the mechanisms suggest an important role for the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and ATP-binding cassette G2 downstream of c-Kit. The tumor-promoting microenvironment, such as hypoxia, could promote OTICs via upregulation of c-Kit expression. These results unravel an integral role for c-Kit in ovarian neoplastic processes and shed light on its mechanisms of action.
10.1038/onc.2012.290
ATP binding cassette transporters in two distinct compartments of the skin contribute to transdermal absorption of a typical substrate.
Hashimoto Naoto,Nakamichi Noritaka,Uwafuji Shinya,Yoshida Kohei,Sugiura Tomoko,Tsuji Akira,Kato Yukio
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society
The role of two ATP binding cassette transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), in transdermal absorption of a typical common substrate was examined in vivo. Skin and plasma concentrations of rhodamine123 (Rho123) after dermal application were reduced in P-gp knockout (mdr1a/1b⁻/⁻) mice and were below the detection limit in P-gp and BCRP triple-knockout (mdr1a/1b/bcrp⁻/⁻) mice. Lower epidermal-to-hypodermal permeation of Rho123 in mdr1a/1b/bcrp⁻/⁻ mouse skin compared to the wild-type mouse skin was confirmed in an Ussing-type chamber experiment. The reduction in skin concentration after dermal application in mdr1a/1b/bcrp⁻/⁻ mice was greater in the dermis than in the epidermis, suggesting functional expressions of these transporters in two distinct skin compartments. Coadministration of the inhibitor itraconazole reduced the skin and plasma concentrations of Rho123 in the wild-type mice, but not in mdr1a/1b/bcrp⁻/⁻ mice, and a marked decrease of Rho123 concentration was seen in the dermis, demonstrating that the functional activities of these transporters can be modulated in vivo. On the other hand, the distribution of Rho123 after intravenous infusion was higher in mdr1a/1b/bcrp⁻/⁻ mice than in the wild-type mice. This supports the occurrence of vectorial transport from the skin into systemic circulation, and is consistent with the immunohistochemical localization of P-gp and BCRP in mouse dermal endothelial cells. BCRP was immunohistochemically identified in human epidermis and dermal endothelial cells. Thus, our findings show that ABC transporters in different compartments of the skin contribute to transdermal absorption of a typical substrate in vivo and can be modulated by a specific inhibitor. These findings have implications for transdermal drug delivery.
10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.011
Cisplatin selects for multidrug-resistant CD133+ cells in lung adenocarcinoma by activating Notch signaling.
Liu Yu-Peng,Yang Chih-Jen,Huang Ming-Shyan,Yeh Chi-Tai,Wu Alexander T H,Lee Yu-Cheng,Lai Tsung-Ching,Lee Chien-Hsin,Hsiao Ya-Wen,Lu Jean,Shen Chia-Ning,Lu Pei-Jung,Hsiao Michael
Cancer research
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer, but recurrence occurs in most patients. Recent evidence suggests that CD133(+) cells are the cause of drug resistance and tumor recurrence. However, the correlation between chemotherapy and regulation of CD133(+) cells has not been investigated methodically. In this study, we revealed that CD133(+) lung cancer cells labeled by a human CD133 promoter-driven GFP reporter exhibited drug resistance and stem cell characteristics. Treatment of H460 and H661 cell lines with low-dose cisplatin (IC(20)) was sufficient to enrich CD133(+) cells, to induce DNA damage responses, and to upregulate ABCG2 and ABCB1 expression, which therefore increased the cross-resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. This cisplatin-induced enrichment of CD133(+) cells was mediated through Notch signaling as judged by increased levels of cleaved Notch1 (NICD1). Pretreatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor, N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), or Notch1 short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) remarkably reduced the cisplatin-induced enrichment of CD133(+) cells and increased the sensitivity to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Ectopic expression of NICD1 reversed the action of DAPT on drug sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD133(+) cells were significantly increased in the relapsed tumors in three of six patients with lung cancer who have received cisplatin treatment. A similar effect was observed in animal experiments as cisplatin treatment increased Notch1 cleavage and the ratio of CD133(+) cells in engrafted tumors. Intratumoral injection of DAPT with cisplatin treatment significantly reduced CD133(+) cell number. Together, our results showed that cisplatin induces the enrichment of CD133(+) cells, leading to multidrug resistance by the activation of Notch signaling.
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1733
Novel indenoisoquinolines NSC 725776 and NSC 724998 produce persistent topoisomerase I cleavage complexes and overcome multidrug resistance.
Antony Smitha,Agama Keli K,Miao Ze-Hong,Takagi Kazutaka,Wright Mollie H,Robles Ana I,Varticovski Lyuba,Nagarajan Muthukaman,Morrell Andrew,Cushman Mark,Pommier Yves
Cancer research
Camptothecin (CPT) derivatives are effective anticancer drugs, especially against solid tumors. As CPTs are chemically unstable and have clinical limitations, we have synthesized indenoisoquinolines as novel topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors. We presently report two indenoisoquinoline derivatives, NSC 725776 and NSC 724998, which have been selected for therapeutic development. Both are potent Top1 inhibitors and induce Top1 cleavage at unique genomic positions compared with CPT. Consistent with Top1 poisoning, protein-linked DNA breaks were detected in cells treated with NSC 725776 and NSC 724998 at nanomolar concentrations. Those drug-induced protein-linked DNA breaks persisted longer after drug removal than those produced by CPT. Studies in human cells in culture show that NSC 725776 and NSC 724998 exert antiproliferative activity at submicromolar concentrations. Furthermore, NSC 725776 and NSC 724998 show cross-resistance in cells deficient or silenced for Top1, which is consistent with their selective Top1 targeting. Similar to other known Top1 inhibitors, NSC 725776-treated and NSC 724998-treated cells show an arrest of cell cycle progression in both S and G(2)-M and a dependence on functional p53 for their cytotoxicity. Dose-dependent gamma-H2AX foci formation was readily observed in cells treated with NSC 725776 and NSC 724998. These gamma-H2AX foci were detectable at pharmacologically relevant doses for up to 24 h and thus could be used as biomarkers for clinical trials (phase 0).
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0938
Aconitum alkaloids, the major components of Aconitum species, affect expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein by activating the Nrf2-mediated signalling pathway.
Wu Jin-Jun,Zhu Yuan-Feng,Guo Zhen-Zhen,Lou Yan-Mei,He Shu-Gui,Guan Yang,Zhu Li-Jun,Liu Zhong-Qiu,Lu Lin-Lin,Liu Liang
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
BACKGROUND:Aconitum alkaloids from Aconitum species are often used to treat arthritis and rheumatic diseases but have the drawback of high toxicity. Identifying their pharmacokinetic behaviour is important for the safe clinical application of Aconitum species. Efflux transporters (ETs), including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), have important functions in regulating the pharmacokinetic behaviours of drugs and in herb-herb or herb-drug interactions (HDIs). The Aconitum alkaloids regulate P-gp expression and function, but their effects on MRP2 and BCRP expression remain unknown. PURPOSE:To determine the effects of three Aconitum alkaloids, aconitine (AC), benzoylaconine (BAC), and aconine, on MRP2 and BCRP. METHODS:The levels of the protein and mRNA expression of MRP2 and BCRP in vivo and in vitro were measured via Western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. Fluorescence signals of MRP2 and BCRP were detected via confocal fluorescence microscopy. A reporter assay using HepG2-C8 cells, which were generated by transfecting plasmids containing the antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferin gene into HepG2 cells, was used to examine the ARE-luciferin activity. The transport activities of MRP2 and BCRP were tested via flow cytometry using substrate probes. RESULTS:The Aconitum alkaloids significantly up-regulated MRP2 and BCRP expression, accompanied by a marked increase in nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) expression in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of FVB mice, in the order AC < BAC < aconine. In the in vitro model, the Aconitum alkaloids increased MRP2 and BCRP expression in Caco-2 and LS174T cells, in the order AC < BAC < aconine. Additionally, these alkaloids promoted the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and significantly increased ARE-luciferin activity in HepG2-C8 cells. Luteolin, a potent inhibitor of Nrf2, markedly prevented MRP2 and BCRP expression from being induced by the three Aconitum alkaloids. The efflux activity of MRP2 was also significantly increased in cells receiving the same treatment. CONCLUSIONS:The tested Aconitum alkaloids significantly increased the expression of MRP2 and BCRP by activating the Nrf2-mediated signalling pathway and enhanced the efflux activity of MRP2. The potential for herb-herb interactions or HDIs exists when Aconitum species are co-administered with substrate drugs that are transported via MRP2 and BCRP. Therefore, the Aconitum alkaloids may be used as quality indicators for the herbs of Aconitum species.
10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.007
P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein: two dominant transporters working together in limiting the brain penetration of topotecan.
de Vries Nienke A,Zhao Jin,Kroon Emily,Buckle Tessa,Beijnen Jos H,van Tellingen Olaf
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:The brain is a pharmacologic sanctuary site, due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Whereas the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the BBB is well established, the role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) that is also expressed at the BBB is not. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:We have studied the effect of BCRP by administering topotecan to wild-type (WT), single Mdr1a/b(-/-) and Bcrp1(-/-), and compound Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) knockout mice. Drug levels in plasma and tissues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS:The area under the plasma and tissue concentration-time curve (AUC) of topotecan in brains of Mdr1a/b(-/-) and Bcrp1(-/-) mice was only 1.5-fold higher compared with WT mice, but in Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice, where both transporters are absent, the AUC increased by 12-fold. The AUC in plasma was approximately 0.75-, 2.4-, and 3.7-fold higher in Mdr1a/b(-/-), Bcrp1(-/-), and Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice, respectively, resulting in 2.0-fold (P < 0.01), 0.65-fold (P, not significant), and 3.2-fold (P < 0.01), respectively, higher brain-to-plasma AUC ratios. Results using Mrp4(-/-) mice showed that this transporter had no effect on the brain penetration of topotecan. The P-gp/BCRP inhibitor elacridar fully inhibited P-gp-mediated transport of topotecan, whereas inhibition of Bcrp1-mediated transport by elacridar was minimal. CONCLUSIONS:Our results using Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice clearly show the effect of Bcrp1 at the BBB and also show how two drug transporters act in concert to limit the brain penetration of topotecan. We expect that this finding will also apply to other drugs that are substrates of both P-gp and BCRP. Consequently, to improve the brain penetration of such compounds for targeting intracranial malignancies in patients, it will be essential to use potent inhibitors of both drug transporters.
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1335
Structural Optimization and Enhanced Prodrug-Mediated Delivery Overcomes Camptothecin Resistance in High-Risk Solid Tumors.
Nguyen Ferro,Guan Peng,Guerrero David T,Kolla Venkatadri,Naraparaju Koumudi,Perry Lauren M,Soberman Danielle,Pressly Benjamin B,Alferiev Ivan S,Chorny Michael,Brodeur Garrett M
Cancer research
Camptothecins are potent topoisomerase I inhibitors used to treat high-risk pediatric solid tumors, but they often show poor efficacy due to intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance. Here, we developed a multivalent, polymer-based prodrug of a structurally optimized camptothecin (SN22) designed to overcome key chemoresistance mechanisms. The ability of SN22 vs. SN38 (the active form of irinotecan/CPT-11) to overcome efflux pump-driven drug resistance was tested. Tumor uptake and biodistribution of SN22 as a polymer-based prodrug (PEG-[SN22]) compared with SN38 was determined. The therapeutic efficacy of PEG-[SN22] to CPT-11 was compared in: (i) spontaneous neuroblastomas (NB) in transgenic mice; (ii) orthotopic xenografts of a drug-resistant NB line SK-N-BE(2)C (mutated TP53); (iii) flank xenografts of a drug-resistant NB-PDX; and (iv) xenografts of Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Unlike SN38, SN22 inhibited NB cell growth regardless of ABCG2 expression levels. SN22 prodrug delivery resulted in sustained intratumoral drug concentrations, dramatically higher than those of SN38 at all time points. CPT-11/SN38 treatment had only marginal effects on tumors in transgenic mice, but PEG-[SN22] treatment caused complete tumor regression lasting over 6 months (tumor free at necropsy). PEG-[SN22] also markedly extended survival of mice with drug-resistant, orthotopic NB and it caused long-term (6+ months) remissions in 80% to 100% of NB and sarcoma xenografts. SN22 administered as a multivalent polymeric prodrug resulted in increased and protracted tumor drug exposure compared with CPT-11, leading to long-term "cures" in NB models of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, and models of high-risk sarcomas, warranting its further development for clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE: SN22 is an effective and curative multivalent macromolecular agent in multiple solid tumor mouse models, overcoming common mechanisms of drug resistance with the potential to elicit fewer toxicities than most cancer therapeutics.
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-1344
Overexpression of the BCRP/MXR/ABCP gene in a topotecan-selected ovarian tumor cell line.
Maliepaard M,van Gastelen M A,de Jong L A,Pluim D,van Waardenburg R C,Ruevekamp-Helmers M C,Floot B G,Schellens J H
Cancer research
Topotecan- or mitoxantrone-selected cell lines (T8 and MX3, respectively), derived from the human IGROV1 ovarian cancer cell line, were resistant to the topoisomerase I inhibitors topotecan, SN-38 (the active metabolite of irinotecan), and 9-aminocamptothecin, as well as to the topoisomerase II drug mitoxantrone. In both resistant cell lines, decreased accumulation of topotecan and mitoxantrone was observed, caused by enhanced energy-dependent efflux of the drugs involved. In both cell lines, we found that the breast cancer resistance protein/mitoxantrone resistance/placenta-specific ATP binding cassette (BCRP/MXR/ABCP) gene was overexpressed. Furthermore, BCRP/MXR/ABCP expression levels in various partially revertant T8 cells correlated with the levels of resistance to topotecan, SN-38, and mitoxantrone, strongly suggesting BCRP/MXR/ABCP to be the transporter responsible for the enhanced efflux. Pharmacodynamic analysis demonstrated that BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a very efficient transporter of topotecan; in vitro, 70% of the intracellular topotecan pool was transported out of the T8 or MX3 cells within 30 s. In conclusion, we report for the first time that BCRP/MXR/ABCP can also be up-regulated upon exposure of tumor cells to the clinically important drug topotecan, and that BCRP-mediated efflux of topotecan is very efficient. This highly efficient efflux of topotecan by BCRP/MXR/ABCP may have clinical relevance for patients being treated with topotecan.
Characterization of the individual transport routes that mediate the influx and efflux of methotrexate in CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic cells.
Henderson G B,Tsuji J M,Kumar H P
Cancer research
The transport routes utilized by CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic cells for the influx and efflux of methotrexate have been analyzed. Evidence was obtained for a single influx route for methotrexate: (a) Influx at 2 microM [3H]methotrexate was inhibited completely by high concentrations of unlabeled methotrexate, o-phthalate, and bromosulfophthalein, and the inhibition profile with each anion was monophasic; and (b) Pretreatment of the cells with an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of methotrexate also blocked influx, and this inhibition was complete over a range of substrate concentrations from 2 to 50 microM. Influx was also saturable and proceeded with a maximum rate (Vmax) of 4.3 pmol/min/mg protein (at 37 degrees C) and with a Kt of 0.8 microM in an anion-deficient buffer and 4.6 microM in a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonate-buffered saline. The ratio of Vmax to the amount of carrier protein (0.3 pmol/mg protein) gave a turnover number for the transport system of 14.3/min. In contrast to influx, methotrexate efflux proceeded via three routes which could be separated by their sensitivity to specific inhibitors. The major portion of efflux occurred via the methotrexate influx carrier, the identity of which was established from its sensitivity to the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of methotrexate and by its requirement for anions in the external medium. Methotrexate, adenosine monophosphate, and phosphate each stimulated efflux via this route and this stimulation was half-maximal at anion concentrations that approximated their Ki values for inhibition of methotrexate influx. A second efflux route was identified by its sensitivity to bromosulfophthalein. This route was relatively inactive and did not fluctuate significantly upon addition of various anions, glucose, or metabolic inhibitors. The third route was quantitated by its sensitivity to probenecid and its activity was increased in saline buffers and upon addition of glucose and was inhibited by oligomycin. Similar transport routes for methotrexate are present in L1210 mouse cells, although these two cell lines can be distinguished by the amount of transport protein and by the activity of the bromosulfophthalein-sensitive efflux route for methotrexate.
Association between imatinib transporters and metabolizing enzymes genotype and response in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia patients receiving imatinib therapy.
Angelini Sabrina,Soverini Simona,Ravegnini Gloria,Barnett Matt,Turrini Eleonora,Thornquist Mark,Pane Fabrizio,Hughes Timothy P,White Deborah L,Radich Jerald,Kim Dong Wook,Saglio Giuseppe,Cilloni Daniela,Iacobucci Ilaria,Perini Giovanni,Woodman Richard,Cantelli-Forti Giorgio,Baccarani Michele,Hrelia Patrizia,Martinelli Giovanni
Haematologica
Imatinib has so far been the first-choice treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia with excellent results. However, only a proportion of patients achieve major molecular response - hence the need to find biological predictors of outcome to select the optimal therapeutic strategy now that more potent inhibitors are available. We investigated a panel of 20 polymorphisms in seven genes, potentially associated with the pharmacogenetics of imatinib, in a subset of 189 patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia enrolled in the TOPS trial. The analysis included polymorphisms in the transporters hOCT1, MDR1, ABCG2, OCTN1, and OATP1A2, and in the metabolizing genes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. In the overall population, the OCTN1 C allele (rs1050152), a simple combination of polymorphisms in the hOCT1 gene and another combination in the genes involved in imatinib uptake were significantly associated with major molecular response. The combination of polymorphisms in imatinib uptake was also significantly associated with complete molecular response. Analyses restricted to Caucasians highlighted the significant association of MDR1 CC (rs60023214) genotype with complete molecular response. We demonstrate the usefulness of a pharmacogenetic approach for stratifying patients with chronic myeloid leukemia according to their likelihood of achieving a major or complete molecular response to imatinib. This represents an attractive opportunity for therapy optimization, worth testing in clinical trials.
10.3324/haematol.2012.066480
Characterization of ARC-111 as a novel topoisomerase I-targeting anticancer drug.
Li Tsai-Kun,Houghton Peter J,Desai Shyamal D,Daroui Parima,Liu Angela A,Hars Eszter S,Ruchelman Alexander L,LaVoie Edmond J,Liu Leroy F
Cancer research
8,9-Dimethoxy-5-(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-2,3-methylenedioxy-5H-dibenzo[c,h][1,6] naphthyridin-6-one (ARC-111, topovale) is a new synthetic antitumor agent. In the current study, we show that ARC-111 is highly potent in scid mice carrying human tumor xenografts. ARC-111 was shown to be as active as camptothecin (CPT)-11 in the HCT-8 colon tumor model, and compared favorably with CPT-11 and topotecan in the SKNEP anaplastic Wilms' tumor model. In tissue culture models, ARC-111 exhibited low nM cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cells. ARC-111 cytotoxicity as well as ARC-111-induced apoptosis was reduced >100-fold in CPT-resistant topoisomerase I (TOP1)-deficient P388/CPT45 cells as compared with P388 cells. Similarly, ARC-111 cytotoxicity was greatly reduced in CPT-resistant CPT-K5 and U937/CR cells, which express CPT-resistant mutant TOP1, suggesting that the cytotoxic target of ARC-111 is TOP1. Indeed, ARC-111, like CPT, was shown to induce reversible TOP1 cleavage complexes in tumor cells as evidenced by specific reduction of the TOP1 immunoreactive band in a band depletion assay, as well as elevation of small ubiquitin modifier-TOP1 conjugate levels and activation of 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of TOP1. Unlike CPT, ARC-111 is not a substrate for the ATP-binding cassette transporter breast cancer resistance protein. In addition, ARC-111 cytotoxicity was not significantly reduced in the presence of human serum albumin. These results suggest that ARC-111 is a promising new TOP1-targeting antitumor drug with a different drug resistance profile than CPT.
BCRP expression does not result in resistance to STX140 in vivo, despite the increased expression of BCRP in A2780 cells in vitro after long-term STX140 exposure.
British journal of cancer
The anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties of the endogenous oestrogen metabolite, 2-methoxyoestradiol (2-MeOE2), are enhanced in a series of sulphamoylated derivatives of 2-MeOE2. To investigate possible mechanisms of resistance to these compounds, a cell line, A2780.140, eightfold less sensitive to the 3,17-O,O-bis-sulphamoylated derivative, STX140, was derived from the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line by dose escalation. Other cell lines tested did not develop STX140 resistance. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis demonstrated that breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) expression is dramatically increased in A2780.140 cells. The cells are cross-resistant to the most structurally similar bis-sulphamates, and to BCRP substrates, mitoxantrone and doxorubicin; but they remain sensitive to taxol, an MDR1 substrate, and to all other sulphamates tested. Sensitivity can be restored using a BCRP inhibitor, and this pattern of resistance is also seen in a BCRP-expressing MCF-7-derived cell line, MCF-7.MR. In mice bearing wild-type (wt) and BCRP-expressing tumours on either flank, both STX140 and mitoxantrone inhibited the growth of the MCF-7wt xenografts, but only STX140 inhibited growth of the MCF-7.MR tumours. In conclusion, STX140, a promising orally bioavailable anti-cancer agent in pre-clinical development, is highly efficacious in BCRP-expressing xenografts. This is despite an increase in BCRP expression in A2780 cells in vitro after chronic dosing with STX140.
10.1038/sj.bjc.6604873
Cytotoxicity of the bisphenolic honokiol from Magnolia officinalis against multiple drug-resistant tumor cells as determined by pharmacogenomics and molecular docking.
Saeed Mohamed,Kuete Victor,Kadioglu Onat,Börtzler Jonas,Khalid Hassan,Greten Henry Johannes,Efferth Thomas
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
A main problem in oncology is the development of drug-resistance. Some plant-derived lignans are established in cancer therapy, e.g. the semisynthetic epipodophyllotoxins etoposide and teniposide. Their activity is, unfortunately, hampered by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein. Here, we investigated the bisphenolic honokiol derived from Magnolia officinalis. P-glycoprotein-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 cells were not cross-resistant to honokiol, but MDA-MB-231 BRCP cells transfected with another ABC-transporter, BCRP, revealed 3-fold resistance. Further drug resistance mechanisms analyzed study was the tumor suppressor TP53 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). HCT116 p53(-/-) did not reveal resistance to honokiol, and EGFR-transfected U87.MG EGFR cells were collateral sensitive compared to wild-type cells (degree of resistance: 0.34). To gain insight into possible modes of collateral sensitivity, we performed in silico molecular docking studies of honokiol to EGFR and EGFR-related downstream signal proteins. Honokiol bound with comparable binding energies to EGFR (-7.30 ± 0.01 kcal/mol) as the control drugs erlotinib (-7.50 ± 0.30 kcal/mol) and gefitinib (-8.30 ± 0.10 kcal/mol). Similar binding affinities of AKT, MEK1, MEK2, STAT3 and mTOR were calculated for honokiol (range from -9.0 ± 0.01 to 7.40 ± 0.01 kcal/mol) compared to corresponding control inhibitor compounds for these signal transducers. This indicates that collateral sensitivity of EGFR-transfectant cells towards honokiol may be due to binding to EGFR and downstream signal transducers. COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of microarray-based transcriptomic mRNA expression data of 59 tumor cell lines revealed a specific gene expression profile predicting sensitivity or resistance towards honokiol.
10.1016/j.phymed.2014.07.011
Repurposing Vandetanib plus Everolimus for the Treatment of -Mutant Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.
Cancer discovery
Somatic mutations in are found in a quarter of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), but there are no ACVR1 inhibitors licensed for the disease. Using an artificial intelligence-based platform to search for approved compounds for -mutant DIPG, the combination of vandetanib and everolimus was identified as a possible therapeutic approach. Vandetanib, an inhibitor of VEGFR/RET/EGFR, was found to target ACVR1 ( = 150 nmol/L) and reduce DIPG cell viability but has limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. In addition to mTOR, everolimus inhibited ABCG2 (BCRP) and ABCB1 (P-gp) transporters and was synergistic in DIPG cells when combined with vandetanib . This combination was well tolerated and significantly extended survival and reduced tumor burden in an orthotopic -mutant patient-derived DIPG xenograft model. Four patients with -mutant DIPG were treated with vandetanib plus an mTOR inhibitor, informing the dosing and toxicity profile of this combination for future clinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Twenty-five percent of patients with the incurable brainstem tumor DIPG harbor somatic activating mutations in , but there are no approved drugs targeting the receptor. Using artificial intelligence, we identify and validate, both experimentally and clinically, the novel combination of vandetanib and everolimus in these children based on both signaling and pharmacokinetic synergies..
10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-1201
Oncogenic PITX2 facilitates tumor cell drug resistance by inverse regulation of hOCT3/SLC22A3 and ABC drug transporters in colon and kidney cancers.
Cancer letters
Oncogenic pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2), a de facto master regulator of developmental organ asymmetry, previously upregulated multidrug resistance (MDR) P-glycoprotein ABCB1 in A498 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. The role of PITX2 isoforms in MDR cancers was investigated. Data mining correlated elevated PITX2 in >30% of cancers analyzed, maximally in colon (4.4-fold), confirmed in co-immunostaining of colon and renal cancer microarrays wherein ABCB1 concomitantly increased in RCC. Drug-resistant colorectal adenocarcinoma Colo320DM cells exhibited increased nuclear PITX2 (40-fold), PITX2 promoter activity (27-fold) and ABCB1 (8000-fold) compared to drug-sensitive Colo205. ABCB1 inhibitor PSC833/valspodar or PITX2 siRNA reversed doxorubicin resistance. Nuclei from Colo320DM and A498 cells harbored PITX2A/B1 and PITX2A/B1/B2/Cα/Cβ, respectively. ChIP-qPCR evidenced PITX2 promoter binding in drug exporters ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCG2 and importer hOCT3/SLC22A3. In A498, 786-O, Caki-1, Colo320DM, and Caco2 cells, PITX2 siRNA diminished exporters, increased hOCT3/SLC22A3 expression and activity, and reverted vincristine resistance. Heterologous PITX2 expression induced ABCB1, repressed hOCT3/SLC22A3, enhanced vincristine resistance and diminished proliferation inhibition wherein PITX2A and PITX2C were most effective. Furthermore, PITX2 activity and MDR depended on phosphorylation by GSK3 in A498 cells. Conclusively, oncogenic PITX2 limits sensitizing drug uptake and potentiates cytoprotective drug efflux, contributing to MDR phenotype.
10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.044
Lenalidomide targets clonogenic side population in multiple myeloma: pathophysiologic and clinical implications.
Jakubikova Jana,Adamia Sophia,Kost-Alimova Maria,Klippel Steffen,Cervi David,Daley John F,Cholujova Dana,Kong Sun-Young,Leiba Merav,Blotta Simona,Ooi Melissa,Delmore Jake,Laubach Jacob,Richardson Paul G,Sedlak Jan,Anderson Kenneth C,Mitsiades Constantine S
Blood
Recurrence of multiple myeloma (MM) after therapy suggests the presence of tumor-initiating subpopulations. In our study, we performed flow cytometry-based Hoechst 33342 staining to evaluate the existence of a MM population with stem-like features known as side population (SP) cells. SP cells exhibit substantial heterogeneity in MM cell lines and primary MM cells; express CD138 antigen in MM cell lines; display higher mRNA expression and functional activity of ABCG2 transporter; and have a higher proliferation index compared with non-SP cells. We observed evidence for clonogenic potential of SP cells, as well as the ability of SP cells to regenerate original population. Moreover, SP cells revealed higher tumorigenicity compared with non-SP cells. Importantly, lenalidomide decreased the percentage and clonogenicity of SP cells, and also induced phosphorylation changes in Akt, GSK-3α/β, MEK1, c-Jun, p53, and p70S6K in SP cells. Adherence to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) increased the percentage, viability, and proliferation potential of SP cells. Lenalidomide and thalidomide abrogated this stimulatory effect of BMSCs and significantly decreased the percentage of SP cells. Our studies demonstrate a novel mechanism of action for lenalidomide, namely targeting SP fraction, providing the framework for new therapeutic strategies targeting subpopulations of MM cells including presumptive stem cells.
10.1182/blood-2010-02-267344
Treatment of resistant human colon cancer xenografts by a fluoxetine-doxorubicin combination enhances therapeutic responses comparable to an aggressive bevacizumab regimen.
Argov Mirit,Kashi Rina,Peer Dan,Margalit Rimona
Cancer letters
Pre-clinical studies of multidrug resistance (MDR) usually address severe resistance, yet moderate MDR is already clinically-impeding. The purpose of this study was to characterize moderate drug resistance in human colon cancer, and it's modulation by fluoxetine. In vitro fluoxetine enhanced doxorubicin's cytotoxicity (10-fold), increased doxorubicin's intracellular accumulation (32%) and decreased efflux of intracellular doxorubicin (70%). In vivo, mild treatment with a doxorubicin-fluoxetine combination slowed-down tumor progression significantly (p<0.001 vs. doxorubicin alone), comparable to aggressive treatment with bevacizumab. Collectively, our results suggest that combinations of fluoxetine with chemotherapeutic drugs (P-glycoprotein substrates) are worthy of further pursuit for moderate MDR in the clinic.
10.1016/j.canlet.2008.09.005
Structure-Based Discovery of Pyrimidine Aminobenzene Derivatives as Potent Oral Reversal Agents against P-gp- and BCRP-Mediated Multidrug Resistance.
Qiu Qianqian,Zou Feng,Li Huilan,Shi Wei,Zhou Daoguang,Zhang Ping,Li Teng,Yin Ziyu,Cai Zilong,Jiang Yuxuan,Huang Wenlong,Qian Hai
Journal of medicinal chemistry
Overexpression of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), is an important factor leading to multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer treatments. Three subclasses of dual inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP were designed based on the active moieties of BCRP inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and P-gp inhibitors, of which compound possessed low cytotoxicity, high reversal potency, and good lipid distribution coefficient. also increased the accumulation of Adriamycin (ADM) and Mitoxantrone (MX), blocked Rh123 efflux, and made no change in the protein expression of P-gp and BCRP. Importantly, coadministration of can significantly improve the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (PTX). It was also demonstrated that significantly inhibited the growth of K562/A02 xenograft tumors by increasing the sensitivity of ADM . In summary, has the potential to overcome MDR caused by P-gp and BCRP and to improve the oral bioavailability of PTX.
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00246
Mechanisms of resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Huang Lihua,Fu Liwu
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
Since the discovery that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is driven by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs, e.g., gefitinib and elrotinib) have been effectively used for clinical treatment. However, patients eventually develop drug resistance. Resistance to EGFR-TKIs is inevitable due to various mechanisms, such as the secondary mutation (T790M), activation of alternative pathways (c-Met, HGF, AXL), aberrance of the downstream pathways (K-RAS mutations, loss of PTEN), impairment of the EGFR-TKIs-mediated apoptosis pathway (BCL2-like 11/BIM deletion polymorphism), histologic transformation, ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter effusion, etc. Here we review and summarize the known resistant mechanisms to EGFR-TKIs and provide potential targets for development of new therapeutic strategies.
10.1016/j.apsb.2015.07.001
In vitro characterization of pralidoxime transport and acetylcholinesterase reactivation across MDCK cells and stem cell-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BC1-hBMECs).
Gallagher Erin,Minn Il,Chambers Janice E,Searson Peter C
Fluids and barriers of the CNS
BACKGROUND:Current therapies for organophosphate poisoning involve administration of oximes, such as pralidoxime (2-PAM), that reactivate the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Studies in animal models have shown a low concentration in the brain following systemic injection. METHODS:To assess 2-PAM transport, we studied transwell permeability in three Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCKII) cell lines and stem cell-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BC1-hBMECs). To determine whether 2-PAM is a substrate for common brain efflux pumps, experiments were performed in the MDCKII-MDR1 cell line, transfected to overexpress the P-gp efflux pump, and the MDCKII-FLuc-ABCG2 cell line, transfected to overexpress the BCRP efflux pump. To determine how transcellular transport influences enzyme reactivation, we developed a modified transwell assay where the inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme, substrate, and reporter are introduced into the basolateral chamber. Enzymatic activity was inhibited using paraoxon and parathion. RESULTS:The permeability of 2-PAM is about 2 × 10(-6) cm s(-1) in MDCK cells and about 1 × 10(-6) cm s(-1) in BC1-hBMECs. Permeability is not influenced by pre-treatment with atropine. In addition, 2-PAM is not a substrate for the P-gp or BCRP efflux pumps. CONCLUSIONS:The low permeability explains poor brain penetration of 2-PAM and therefore the slow enzyme reactivation. This elucidates one of the reasons for the necessity of sustained intravascular (IV) infusion in response to organophosphate poisoning.
10.1186/s12987-016-0035-0
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates Pg-P and BCRP in a tamoxifen resistant MCF-7 cell line.
Farabegoli F,Papi A,Bartolini G,Ostan R,Orlandi M
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
We investigated the anticancer effect of EGCG treatment on a breast carcinoma cell line resistant to tamoxifen (MCF-7Tam cells). As there are no reports about the molecular mechanisms implicated in EGCG treatment of tamoxifen resistant breast carcinoma cells, we studied the effects of EGCG treatment on three plasma membrane proteins that are involved in the mechanism of drug-resistance: Multidrug Resistance Protein (MRP1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). EGCG treatment (10-100 microg/ml for 24-72 hours) caused cell growth inhibition and dose-dependent apoptosis: after 100 microg/ml EGCG treatment for 24 hours, Bax expression increased and Bcl2 expression decreased (p<0.05). Coherently, Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay detected a significant increase in labelled cells (p<0.05). EGCG did not affect MRP1: in contrast, 100 microg/ml EGCG administration caused P-gp decrease to 53% of control cells (p<0.001) and this effect was not due to downregulation of P-gp gene expression. EGCG induced P-gp decrease even when MG132, a strong proteasome inhibitor, was given together with EGCG to MCF-7Tam cells. EGCG treatment also inhibited BCRP activity: mRNA transcription and protein level did not change after treatment, but mitoxantrone test demonstrated a strong inhibition of BCRP activity (p<0.001). In conclusion, the present results showed that EGCG could down-regulate the activity of two molecules that play a key role in drug metabolism and transport and that are highly expressed in tamoxifen resistant breast carcinoma cells. The interaction of EGCG and drugs used in the therapy of estrogen sensitive breast carcinoma ought to be subject of studies and the potential use of EGCG in drug-resistant diseases ought to be better considered.
10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.001
Sulfonation Disposition of Acacetin: In Vitro and in Vivo.
Zhang Qisong,Zhu Lijun,Gong Xia,Ruan Yanjiao,Yu Jia,Jiang Huangyu,Wang Ying,Qi XiaoXiao,Lu Linlin,Liu Zhongqiu
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Acacetin, an important component of acacia honey, exerts extensive therapeutic effects on many cancers. However, the sulfonation disposition of acacetin has rarely been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sulfonation disposition of acacetin systematically. The results showed that acacetin-7-sulfate was the main metabolite mediated primarily by sulfotransferases (SULT) 1A1. Dog liver S9 presented the highest formation rate of acacetin-7-sulfate. Compared with that in wild-type Friend Virus B (FVB) mice, plasma exposure of acacetin-7-sulfate decreased significantly in multidrug resistance protein 1 knockout (Mrp1) mice vut increased clearly in breast cancer resistance protein knockout (Bcrp) mice. In Caco-2 monolayers, the efflux and clearance of acacetin-7-sulfate was reduced distinctly by the BCRP inhibitor Ko143 on the apical side and by the MRP1 inhibitor MK571 on the basolateral side. In conclusion, acacetin sulfonation was mediated mostly by SULT1A1. Acacetin-7-sulfate was found to be transported mainly by BCRP and MRP1. Hence, SULT1A1, BCRP, and MRP1 are responsible for acacetin-7-sulfate exposure in vivo.
10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00854
USP24 promotes drug resistance during cancer therapy.
Cell death and differentiation
Drug resistance has remained an important issue in the treatment and prevention of various diseases, including cancer. Herein, we found that USP24 not only repressed DNA-damage repair (DDR) activity by decreasing Rad51 expression to cause the tumor genomic instability and cancer stemness, but also increased the levels of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-gp, ABCG2, and ezrin to enhance the pumping out of Taxol from cancer cells, thus resulted in drug resistance during cancer therapy. A novel USP24 inhibitor, NCI677397, was screened for specific inhibiting the catalytic activity of USP24. This inhibitor was identified to suppress drug resistance via decreasing genomic instability, cancer stemness, and the pumping out of drugs from cancer cells. Understanding the role and molecular mechanisms of USP24 in drug resistance will be beneficial for the future development of a novel USP24 inhibitor. Our studies provide a new insight of USP24 inhibitor for clinically implication of blocking drug resistance during chemotherapy.
10.1038/s41418-021-00778-z
Eurycomanol alleviates hyperuricemia by promoting uric acid excretion and reducing purine synthesis.
Bao Ruixia,Chen Qian,Li Zheng,Wang Dan,Wu Yuzheng,Liu Mengyang,Zhang Yi,Wang Tao
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
BACKGROUND:An elevated level of blood uric acid (UA) leads to serious damages to human health. In clinic, xanthine oxidase inhibitor is commonly used to reduce uric acid production. However, UA excretion promotion drug is rare. Our previous study demonstrated that the 70% ethanolic extract of stem of Eurycoma longifolia could effectively increase UA excretion and decrease blood level of UA in hyperuricemia animal model. In this paper, we tried to find active substance on UA regulation from E. longifolia. METHODS:The constituents of stem from E. longifolia were isolated and analyzed by chemical and spectral methods. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography was applied to measure the concentrations of UA in serum and urine. H&E staining was used to characterize renal histopathological changes. The protein and mRNA expressions of UA transporters were measured by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS:Ten kinds of quassinoids were isolated from stem of E. longifolia, and the structures were identified. Pharmacological research revealed the major component, eurycomanol (5-20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased serum UA level and increased 24 h clearance of uric acid in potassium oxonate and adenine induced hyperuricemic mice. Eurycomanol ameliorated UA induced kidney histological injury, inhibited hepatic purine synthesis through decreasing phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, promoted UA excretion by modulation of renal and intestinal urate transporters, such as GLUT9, ABCG2, OAT1, and NPT1. CONCLUSION:The results showed eurycomanol from E. longifolia can promote UA excretion through kidney and intestine, decrease hepatic purine synthesis and further keep UA homeostasis, suggesting that eurycomanol has the potential to be developed into a novel drug for the treatment of under-excretion type hyperuricemia.
10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153850
A multicenter clinical study evaluating the confirmed complete molecular response rate in imatinib-treated patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia by using the international scale of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Haematologica
Achievement of complete molecular response in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia has been recognized as an important milestone in therapy cessation and treatment-free remission; the identification of predictors of complete molecular response in these patients is, therefore, important. This study evaluated complete molecular response rates in imatinib-treated chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients with major molecular response by using the international standardization for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the breakpoint cluster region-Abelson1 gene. The correlation of complete molecular response with various clinical, pharmacokinetic, and immunological parameters was determined. Complete molecular response was observed in 75/152 patients (49.3%). In the univariate analysis, Sokal score, median time to major molecular response, ABCG2 421C>A, and regulatory T cells were significantly lower in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients with complete molecular response than in those without complete molecular response. In the multivariate analysis, duration of imatinib treatment (odds ratio: 1.0287, P=0.0003), time to major molecular response from imatinib therapy (odds ratio: 0.9652, P=0.0020), and ABCG2 421C/C genotype (odds ratio: 0.3953, P=0.0284) were independent predictors of complete molecular response. In contrast, number of natural killer cells, BIM deletion polymorphisms, and plasma trough imatinib concentration were not significantly associated with achieving a complete molecular response. Several predictive markers for achieving complete molecular response were identified in this study. According to our findings, some chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib may benefit from a switch to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ClinicalTrials.gov, UMIN000004935).
10.3324/haematol.2013.085167
Clinical implications of germline variations for treatment outcome and drug resistance for small molecule kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy
Small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) represent the cornerstone in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring genetic driver mutations. Because of the introduction of SMKIs in the last decades, treatment outcomes have drastically improved. Their treatment efficacy, the development of drug resistance as well as untoward toxicity, all suffer from large patient variability. This variability can be explained, at least in part, by their oral route of administration, which leads to a large inter- and intra-patient variation in bioavailability based on differences in absorption. Additionally, drug-drug and food-drug interactions are frequently reported. These interactions could modulate SMKI efficacy and/or untoward toxicity. Furthermore, the large patient variability could be explained by the presence of germline variations in target receptor domains, metabolizing enzymes, and drug efflux transporters. Knowledge about these predictor variations is crucial for handling SMKIs in clinical practice, and for selecting the most optimal therapy. In the current review, the literature search included all SMKIs registered for locally-advanced and metastatic NSCLC by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA) until March 24th, 2022. The BIM deletion showed a significantly decreased PFS and OS for East-Asian patients treated with gefitinib, and has the potential to be clinically relevant for other SMKIs as well. Furthermore, we expect most relevance from the ABCG2 34 G>A and CYP1A1 variations during erlotinib and gefitinib treatment. Pre-emptive CYP2D6 testing before starting gefitinib treatment can also be considered to prevent severe drug-related toxicity. These and other germline variations are summarized and discussed, in order to provide clear recommendations for clinical practice.
10.1016/j.drup.2022.100832
Polyoxypregnanes as safe, potent, and specific ABCB1-inhibitory pro-drugs to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy and .
Wu Xu,Yin Chun,Ma Jiang,Chai Stella,Zhang Chunyuan,Yao Sheng,Kadioglu Onat,Efferth Thomas,Ye Yang,To Kenneth Kin-Wah,Lin Ge
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) is significantly hindering effective cancer chemotherapy. However, currently, no ABCB1-inhibitory drugs have been approved to treat MDR cancer clinically, mainly due to the inhibitor specificity, toxicity, and drug interactions. Here, we reported that three polyoxypregnanes (POPs) as the most abundant constituents of () were novel ABCB1-modulatory pro-drugs, which underwent intestinal microbiota-mediated biotransformation to generate active metabolites. The metabolites at non-toxic concentrations restored chemosensitivity in ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells inhibiting ABCB1 efflux activity without changing ABCB1 protein expression, which were further identified as specific non-competitive inhibitors of ABCB1 showing multiple binding sites within ABCB1 drug cavity. These POPs did not exhibit ABCB1/drug metabolizing enzymes interplay, and their repeated administration generated predictable pharmacokinetic interaction with paclitaxel without obvious toxicity . We further showed that these POPs enhanced the accumulation of paclitaxel in tumors and overcame ABCB1-mediated chemoresistance. The results suggested that these POPs had the potential to be developed as safe, potent, and specific pro-drugs to reverse ABCB1-mediated MDR. Our work also provided scientific evidence for the use of in combinational chemotherapy.
10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.021
Identification of breast cancer resistant protein/mitoxantrone resistance/placenta-specific, ATP-binding cassette transporter as a transporter of NB-506 and J-107088, topoisomerase I inhibitors with an indolocarbazole structure.
Komatani H,Kotani H,Hara Y,Nakagawa R,Matsumoto M,Arakawa H,Nishimura S
Cancer research
The antitumor drugs NB-506 and J-107088 are potent topoisomerase I inhibitors with an indolocarbazole structure. To clarify the factors involved in resistance to these drugs, we established two NB-506-resistant mouse fibroblast cell lines (LY/NR1 and LY/NR2), a human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116/NR1), and a lung cancer cell line (PC13/NR1). These cell lines were highly resistant to NB-506 and J-107088, and LY/NR2 cells showed markedly reduced accumulation and strong efflux of NB-506, suggesting activation of a drug efflux pump in the resistant cells. To identify the molecules responsible for efflux of NB-506, we compared the gene expressions of the mouse resistant LY/NR1 cells, LY/NR2 cells, and their parental cells by oligonucleotide microarray. Of 34,020 genes analyzed, we found that an ATP-binding cassette transporter BCRP/MXR/ABCP (BCRP) gene showed the highest increase in the expression, 31-fold higher in the LY/NR2-resistant cells than in their parental cells. The selective overexpression of this gene was also detected in the two human resistant cell lines, suggesting the involvement of breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) in the resistance and efflux of these drugs. Finally, a PC-13 cell line transfected with BCRP expression vector displayed 22- and 17-fold resistance to NB-506 and J-107088 and enhanced efflux activity of J-107088. However, the transfectants were not resistant to mitoxantrone or topotecan, the drugs previously thought to be the substrates of BCRP. Thus, our study presents a novel mechanism of drug resistance mediated by BCRP.
Immuno-oncology agent IPI-549 is a modulator of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1, ABCB1)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer: In vitro and in vivo.
De Vera Albert A,Gupta Pranav,Lei Zining,Liao Dan,Narayanan Silpa,Teng Qiuxu,Reznik Sandra E,Chen Zhe-Sheng
Cancer letters
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma isoform (PI3Kγ) plays a critical role in myeloid-derived cells of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. IPI-549, a recently discovered small molecule selective PI3Kγ inhibitor, is currently under immuno-oncology clinical trials in combination with nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint blocker. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether IPI-549 could reverse P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated MDR when combined with chemotherapeutic substrates of P-gp. Cytotoxicity assays showed that IPI-549 reverses P-gp-mediated MDR in SW620/Ad300 and LLC-PK-MDR1 cells. IPI-549 increases the amount of intracellular paclitaxel and inhibits the efflux of paclitaxel out of SW620/Ad300 cells. ABCB1-ATPase assay showed that IPI-549 stimulates the activity of ABCB1-ATPase. IPI-549 does not alter the expression and does not affect the subcellular localization of P-gp in SW620/Ad300 cells. The combination of IPI-549 with paclitaxel showed that IPI-549 potentiates the anti-tumor effects of paclitaxel in P-gp-overexpressing MDR SW620/Ad300 xenograft tumors. With clinical trials beginning to add newly approved immune checkpoint-based immunotherapy into standard-of-care immunogenic chemotherapy to improve patient outcomes, our findings support the rationale of adding IPI-549 to both the chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic aspects of cancer combination treatment strategies.
10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.020
Induction of breast cancer resistance protein by the camptothecin derivative DX-8951f is associated with minor reduction of antitumour activity.
van Hattum A H,Hoogsteen I J,Schlüper H M M,Maliepaard M,Scheffer G L,Scheper R J,Kohlhagen G,Pommier Y,Pinedo H M,Boven E
British journal of cancer
DX-8951f (exatecan mesylate), a new water-soluble derivative of camptothecin, is currently being evaluated in phase II clinical trials. Resistance may be acquired when treating cancer patients with DX-8951f. Therefore, we selected a subline of the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 for resistance against DX-8951f to investigate possible mechanisms of resistance. This DX-8951f-resistant subline, designated 2780DX8 (resistance factor=9.3), displayed a typical cross-resistance pattern including compounds, such as topotecan (resistance factor =34), SN-38 (resistance factor =47), mitoxantrone (resistance factor =59) and doxorubicin (resistance factor =2.9), which have previously been associated with the expression of breast cancer resistance protein. 2780DX8 cells did not show changes in the topoisomerase I gene, in topoisomerase I protein levels or catalytic activity. Overexpression of breast cancer resistance protein could be detected, both at the mRNA and protein level, while staining for Pgp, MRP1, or LRP was negative. GF120918, an inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein, was able to reverse the DX-8951f-induced resistance in 2780DX8 cells. In vivo experiments in well-established 2780DX8 human tumour xenografts demonstrated that the growth inhibition induced by CPT-11 was more affected by breast cancer resistance protein expression than that of DX-8951f. These data indicate for the first time that DX-8951f is able to induce breast cancer resistance protein as a mechanism of resistance. Breast cancer resistance protein, however, results in only minor reduction of antitumour activity of DX-8951f which is an advantage over topotecan and CPT-11/SN-38.
10.1038/sj.bjc.6600508
Expression and functional analyses of breast cancer resistance protein in lung cancer.
Kawabata Shigeru,Oka Mikio,Soda Hiroshi,Shiozawa Ken,Nakatomi Katsumi,Tsurutani Junji,Nakamura Yoichi,Doi Seiji,Kitazaki Takeshi,Sugahara Kazuyuki,Yamada Yasuaki,Kamihira Shimeru,Kohno Shigeru
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), an ATP binding cassette half-transporter, confers resistance to mitoxantrone, doxorubicin, and topoisomerase I inhibitors of irinotecan and topotecan. Recently, we reported that BCRP efficiently transported SN-38 (the active metabolite of irinotecan) with a high affinity in lung cancer cells in vitro (K. Nakatomi et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 288: 827-832, 2001). The aim of this study is to explore the role of BCRP in the drug resistance of lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:The BCRP mRNA expression in lung cancer cells and 23 untreated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues was quantitated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. To evaluate the drug-efflux function of BCRP, the intracellular topotecan accumulation and drug sensitivity were measured in lung cancer cells with various levels of the BCRP mRNA expression by flow cytometric and tetrazolium dye assay, respectively. RESULTS:The levels of BCRP mRNA expression in the cell lines were significantly correlated with the BCRP function and the sensitivity to SN-38 and topotecan. In NSCLC tissues, the BCRP mRNA expression levels were widely dispersed. Five (22%) of 23 tissues expressed higher levels of the BCRP mRNA than that in NCI-H441 cells with active BCRP function conferring high resistance to topotecan in vitro. CONCLUSIONS:Some NSCLC tissues expressed sufficient levels of the BCRP mRNA to confer drug resistance in vitro.
Physicochemistry shapes bioactivity landscape of pan-ABC transporter modulators: Anchor point for innovative Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
International journal of biological macromolecules
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disorder characterized by the pathological accumulation of macromolecular Aβ and tau leading to neuronal death. Drugs approved to treat AD may ameliorate disease symptoms, however, no curative treatment exists. Aβ peptides were discovered to be substrates of adenosine triphosphate-(ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Activators of these membrane-bound efflux proteins that promote binding and/or translocation of Aβ could revolutionize AD medicine. The knowledge about ABC transporter activators is very scarce, however, the few molecules that were reported contain substructural features of multitarget (pan-)ABC transporter inhibitors. A cutting-edge strategy to obtain new drug candidates is to explore and potentially exploit the recently proposed multitarget binding site of pan-ABC transporter inhibitors as anchor point for the development of innovative activators to promote Aβ clearance from the brain. Molecular associations between functional bioactivities and physicochemical properties of small-molecules are key to understand these processes. This study provides an analysis of a recently reported unique multitarget dataset for the correlation between multitarget bioactivity and physicochemistry. Six novel pan-ABC transporter inhibitors were validated containing substructural features of ABC transporter activators, which underpins the relevance of the multitarget binding site for the targeted development of novel AD diagnostics and therapeutics.
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.062
Spatiotemporally Targeted Nanomedicine Overcomes Hypoxia-Induced Drug Resistance of Tumor Cells after Disrupting Neovasculature.
Chen Jinjin,Jiang Zhongyu,Xu Weiguo,Sun Tianmeng,Zhuang Xiuli,Ding Jianxun,Chen Xuesi
Nano letters
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) are emerging anticancer agents, which show rising demand for combination with cytostatic drugs (CSDs), owing to inadequate tumor inhibition when applied singly. Nevertheless, the combination remains a challenge due to the different working sites of VDAs and CSDs and hypoxia-induced drug resistance after disrupting neovasculature by VDAs. Herein, we developed a shell-stacked nanoparticle (SNP) for coencapsulation of a VDA combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P) and a proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ). The SNP could spatiotemporally deliver CA4P to tumor neovasculature and BTZ to tumor cells mediated by the site-specific stimuli-activated drug release. Moreover, the SNP also reversed the drug resistance caused by the overexpressed ABCG2 under CA4P-induced hypoxic conditions. The spatiotemporally targeted combination therapy significantly inhibited the growth of both the human A549 pulmonary adenocarcinoma xenograft model and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of colon cancer in mice, providing a promising strategy for treating advanced cancers.
10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02515
Identification of ABCG transporter genes associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.).
Shan Jinqiong,Sun Xi,Li Ran,Zhu Bin,Liang Pei,Gao Xiwu
Pest management science
BACKGROUND:Plutella xylostella (L.) is a serious worldwide pest that feeds on cruciferous plants and has evolved resistance to different classes of insecticides used for its control, including chlorantraniliprole. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, constituting the largest transport family in organisms, are involved in phase III of the detoxification process and may play important roles in insecticide resistance. RESULTS:A total of 15 ABC transporter transcripts from subfamily G were identified in P. xylostella based on the latest DBM genome. Synergism studies showed that treatment with verapamil, a potent inhibitor of ABC transporters, significantly increased the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole against larvae of two chlorantraniliprole-resistant P. xylostella populations (NIL and BL). ABCG2, ABCG5, ABCG6, ABCG9, ABCG11, ABCG14 and ABCG15 were significantly overexpressed in NIL and BL compared with the susceptible population (SS), and ABCG1, ABCG6, ABCG8, ABCG9, ABCG14 and ABCG15 were significantly upregulated after treatment with the LC of chlorantraniliprole in SS. Subsequently, ABCG6, ABCG9 and ABCG14, which were overexpressed in both NIL and BL and could be induced in SS, were chosen for functional study. RNAi-mediated knockdown of each of the three ABCGs significantly increased the sensitivity of larvae to chlorantraniliprole. These results confirmed that overexpression of ABCG6, ABCG9 and ABCG14 may contribute to chlorantraniliprole resistance in P. xylostella. CONCLUSION:Overexpression of some genes in the ABCG subfamily is involved in P. xylostella resistance to chlorantraniliprole. These results may help to establish a foundation for further studies investigating the role played by ABC transporters in chlorantraniliprole resistance in P. xylostella or other insect pests. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
10.1002/ps.6402
Wild-type breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is a methotrexate polyglutamate transporter.
Volk Erin L,Schneider Erasmus
Cancer research
The existence of an ATP-dependent methotrexate (MTX) efflux mechanism has long been postulated; however, until recently, the molecular components were largely unknown. We have previously demonstrated a role for the ATP-binding cassette transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in MTX resistance (Volk et al., Cancer Res., 62: 5035-5040, 2002). Resistance to this antifolate directly correlated with BCRP expression, and was reversible by the BCRP inhibitors fumitremorgin C and GF120918. Here, we provide evidence for BCRP as a MTX-transporter using an in vitro membrane vesicle system. Inside-out membrane vesicles were generated from both drug-selected and stably transfected cell lines expressing either wild-type (Arg482) or mutant (Gly482) variants of BCRP. In the presence of the wild-type variant of BCRP, transport of MTX into vesicles was ATP-dependent, osmotically sensitive, and inhibited by fumitremorgin C. In contrast, no transport was observed in vesicles containing the mutant form of BCRP. Wild-type BCRP appeared to have low affinity, but high capacity, for the transport of MTX, with an estimated K(m) of 680 micro M and a V(max) of 2400 pmol/mg/min. MTX accumulation was greatly decreased by mitoxantrone, a known BCRP substrate, suggesting competition for transport. Furthermore, and in contrast to the multidrug resistance-associated proteins, BCRP also transported significant amounts of polyglutamylated MTX. Although transport gradually decreased as the polyglutamate chain length increased, both MTX-Glu(2) and MTX-Glu(3) were substrates for BCRP. Together, these data demonstrate that BCRP is a MTX and MTX-polyglutamate transporter and reveal a possible mechanism by which it confers resistance.
Amelioration effects of α-viniferin on hyperuricemia and hyperuricemia-induced kidney injury in mice.
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
BACKGROUND:α-Viniferin, the major constituent of the roots of Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehder with a trimeric resveratrol oligostilbenoid skeleton, was demonstrated to possess a strong inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase in vitro, suggesting it to be a potential anti-hyperuricemia agent. However, the in vivo anti-hyperuricemia effect and its underlying mechanism were still unknown. PURPOSE:The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperuricemia effect of α-viniferin in a mouse model and to assess its safety profile with emphasis on its protective effect on hyperuricemia-induced renal injury. METHODS:The effects were assessed in a potassium oxonate (PO)- and hypoxanthine (HX)-induced hyperuricemia mice model by analyzing the levels of serum uric acid (SUA), urine uric acid (UUA), serum creatinine (SCRE), serum urea nitrogen (SBUN), and histological changes. Western blotting and transcriptomic analysis were used to identify the genes, proteins, and signaling pathways involved. RESULTS:α-Viniferin treatment significantly reduced SUA levels and markedly mitigated hyperuricemia-induced kidney injury in the hyperuricemia mice. Besides, α-viniferin did not show any obvious toxicity in mice. Research into the mechanism of action of α-viniferin revealed that it not only inhibited uric acid formation by acting as an XOD inhibitor, but also reduced uric acid absorption by acting as a GLUT9 and URAT1 dual inhibitor as well as promoted uric acid excretion by acting as a ABCG2 and OAT1 dual activator. Then, 54 differentially expressed (log FPKM ≥ 1.5, p ≤ 0.01) genes (DEGs) repressed by the treatment of α-viniferin in the hyperuricemia mice were identified in the kidney. Finally, gene annotation results revealed that downregulation of S100A9 in the IL-17 pathway, of CCR5 and PIK3R5 in the chemokine signaling pathway, and of TLR2, ITGA4, and PIK3R5 in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were involved in the protective effect of α-viniferin on the hyperuricemia-induced renal injury. CONCLUSIONS:α-Viniferin inhibited the production of uric acid through down-regulation of XOD in hyperuricemia mice. Besides, it also down-regulated the expressions of URAT1 and GLUT9 and up-regulated the expressions of ABCG2 and OAT1 to promote the excretion of uric acid. α-Viniferin could prevent hyperuricemia mice from renal damage by regulating the IL-17, chemokine, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Collectively, α-viniferin was a promising antihyperuricemia agent with desirable safety profile. This is the first report of α-viniferin as an antihyperuricemia agent.
10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154868
Increased MDR1 expression in normal and malignant peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients receiving depsipeptide (FR901228, FK228, NSC630176).
Robey Robert W,Zhan Zhirong,Piekarz Richard L,Kayastha Ganesh L,Fojo Tito,Bates Susan E
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
The increased expression of markers associated with a differentiated phenotype, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), follows treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Because depsipeptide (FR901228, FK228, NSC630176) is a substrate for Pgp, up-regulation of the gene that encodes it, MDR1, would mean that depsipeptide induces its own mechanism of resistance. To examine the effect of depsipeptide on expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters associated with multidrug resistance, the kidney cancer cell lines 108, 121, 127, and 143 were treated with depsipeptide and evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Increased levels of MDR1 (1.3- to 6.3-fold) and ABCG2 (3.2- to 11.1-fold) but not MRP1 (0.9- to 1.3-fold) were observed. The induced Pgp transported the fluorescent substrates rhodamine 123, bisantrene, calcein-AM, BODIPY-vinblastine, and BODIPY-paclitaxel. In normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and circulating tumor cells obtained from patients receiving depsipeptide, increased levels of histone H3 acetylation were found. We next examined MDR1 levels in normal and malignant PBMCs obtained from 15 patients enrolled in clinical trials with depsipeptide and detected up to a 6-fold increase in normal PBMCs and up to an 8-fold increase in circulating tumor cells after depsipeptide administration. In one patient with Sézary syndrome, increased MDR1 gene expression was accompanied by increased cell surface Pgp expression in circulating Sézary cells as determined by measurement of MRK-16 staining by flow cytometry. These studies suggest that depsipeptide induces its own mechanism of resistance and thus provide a basis for clinical trials evaluating depsipeptide in combination with a Pgp inhibitor.
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1423
Vemurafenib resistance selects for highly malignant brain and lung-metastasizing melanoma cells.
Zubrilov Inna,Sagi-Assif Orit,Izraely Sivan,Meshel Tsipi,Ben-Menahem Shlomit,Ginat Ravit,Pasmanik-Chor Metsada,Nahmias Clara,Couraud Pierre-Olivier,Hoon Dave S B,Witz Isaac P
Cancer letters
V600E being the most common mutation in BRAF, leads to constitutive activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. The majority of V600E BRAF positive melanoma patients treated with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib showed initial good clinical responses but relapsed due to acquired resistance to the drug. The aim of the present study was to identify possible biomarkers associated with the emergence of drug resistant melanoma cells. To this end we analyzed the differential gene expression of vemurafenib-sensitive and vemurafenib resistant brain and lung metastasizing melanoma cells. The major finding of this study is that the in vitro induction of vemurafenib resistance in melanoma cells is associated with an increased malignancy phenotype of these cells. Resistant cells expressed higher levels of genes coding for cancer stem cell markers (JARID1B, CD271 and Fibronectin) as well as genes involved in drug resistance (ABCG2), cell invasion and promotion of metastasis (MMP-1 and MMP-2). We also showed that drug-resistant melanoma cells adhere better to and transmigrate more efficiently through lung endothelial cells than drug-sensitive cells. The former cells also alter their microenvironment in a different manner from that of drug-sensitive cells. Biomarkers and molecular mechanisms associated with drug resistance may serve as targets for therapy of drug-resistant cancer.
10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.041
ABC transporter activity linked to radiation resistance and molecular subtype in pediatric medulloblastoma.
Ingram Wendy J,Crowther Lisa M,Little Erica B,Freeman Ruth,Harliwong Ivon,Veleva Desi,Hassall Timothy E,Remke Marc,Taylor Michael D,Hallahan Andrew R
Experimental hematology & oncology
BACKGROUND:Resistance to radiation treatment remains a major clinical problem for patients with brain cancer. Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, and occurs in the cerebellum. Though radiation treatment has been critical in increasing survival rates in recent decades, the presence of resistant cells in a substantial number of medulloblastoma patients leads to relapse and death. METHODS:Using the established medulloblastoma cell lines UW228 and Daoy, we developed a novel model system to enrich for and study radiation tolerant cells early after radiation exposure. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, dead cells and cells that had initiated apoptosis were removed, allowing surviving cells to be investigated before extensive proliferation took place. RESULTS:Isolated surviving cells were tumorigenic in vivo and displayed elevated levels of ABCG2, an ABC transporter linked to stem cell behavior and drug resistance. Further investigation showed another family member, ABCA1, was also elevated in surviving cells in these lines, as well as in early passage cultures from pediatric medulloblastoma patients. We discovered that the multi-ABC transporter inhibitors verapamil and reserpine sensitized cells from particular patients to radiation, suggesting that ABC transporters have a functional role in cellular radiation protection. Additionally, verapamil had an intrinsic anti-proliferative effect, with transient exposure in vitro slowing subsequent in vivo tumor formation. When expression of key ABC transporter genes was assessed in medulloblastoma tissue from 34 patients, levels were frequently elevated compared with normal cerebellum. Analysis of microarray data from independent cohorts (n = 428 patients) showed expression of a number of ABC transporters to be strongly correlated with certain medulloblastoma subtypes, which in turn are associated with clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS:ABC transporter inhibitors are already being trialed clinically, with the aim of decreasing chemotherapy resistance. Our findings suggest that the inhibition of ABC transporters could also increase the efficacy of radiation treatment for medulloblastoma patients. Additionally, the finding that certain family members are associated with particular molecular subtypes (most notably high ABCA8 and ABCB4 expression in Sonic Hedgehog pathway driven tumors), along with cell membrane location, suggests ABC transporters are worthy of consideration for the diagnostic classification of medulloblastoma.
10.1186/2162-3619-2-26
Leflunomide and its metabolite A771726 are high affinity substrates of BCRP: implications for drug resistance.
Kis E,Nagy T,Jani M,Molnár E,Jánossy J,Ujhellyi O,Német K,Herédi-Szabó K,Krajcsi P
Annals of the rheumatic diseases
BACKGROUND:Earlier publications have suggested a possible role for the efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in acquired resistance to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as leflunomide and its metabolite A771726 (teriflunomide). However, there is no direct evidence that BCRP interacts with these drugs. OBJECTIVES:To characterise the interaction between BCRP transporter and leflunomide and its active metabolite A771726, with emphasis on the nature of the interaction (substrate or inhibitor) and the kinetic characterisation of the interactions. METHODS:Different in vitro membrane-based methods (ATPase and vesicular transport assay) using BCRP-HAM-Sf9 membrane preparations and cellular assays (Hoechst assay and cytotoxicity assay) were performed on PLB985-BCRP and HEK293-BCRP cell lines overexpressing BCRP. RESULTS:In all assays used, an interaction between the investigated drugs and BCRP was detected. In the vesicular transport assay, both leflunomide and its metabolite inhibited BCRP-mediated methotrexate transport. Both compounds are likely substrates of BCRP as shown by the vanadate-sensitive ATPase assay. In line with the membrane assays, leflunomide and A771726 inhibited BCRP-mediated Hoechst efflux from PLB985-BCRP cells. In the cytotoxicity assay, overexpression of BCRP conferred 20.6-fold and 7.5-fold resistance to HEK293 cells against leflunomide and A771726, respectively. The resistance could be reversed by Ko134, a specific inhibitor of BCRP. CONCLUSION:Based on these results, BCRP could play an important role in the resistance to leflunomide and A771726 via interactions with these drugs. BCRP may also mediate drug-drug interactions when leflunomide is administered with other BCRP substrate drugs such as methotrexate.
10.1136/ard.2007.086264
Short-chain fatty acids exert opposite effects on the expression and function of p-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in rat intestine.
Acta pharmacologica Sinica
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are involved in intestinal barrier. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play important roles in maintaining intestinal barrier. In this study we explored how SCFAs affected the expression and function of intestinal P-gp and BCRP in rats. Rats received 150 mM acetate, propionate or butyrate in drinking water for 4 weeks. In SCFA-treated rats, the expression and function of intestinal P-gp were decreased, but those of intestinal BCRP were increased; intestinal p-p65 was also decreased, which was positively related to P-gp protein expression. Among the three SCFAs tested, butyrate exhibited the strongest induction or inhibitory effect, followed by propionate and acetate. Similar results were observed in mouse primary enterocytes and Caco-2 cells treated with acetate (5 mM), propionate (2 mM), or butyrate (1 mM). In Caco-2 cells, addition of butyrate, vorinostat, and valproate (two classic HDAC inhibitors), Bay117082 (selective inhibitor of NF-κB activation) or NF-κB p65 silencing significantly decreased the expression of P-gp and the level of phosphorylated p65 (p-p65). Furthermore, butyrate attenuated the expression of P-gp and p-p65 induced by TNF-α (NF-κB activator) and theophylline (HDAC activator). However, vorinostat, valproate, Bay117082, TNF-α or p65 silencing hardly affected BCRP protein expression. But GW9662 (selective PPARγ antagonist) or PPARγ silencing abolished BCRP induction by butyrate and troglitazone (PPARγ agonist). SCFAs-treated rats showed higher intestinal protein expression of PPARγ, which was positively related to BCRP protein expression. Butyrate increased plasma exposure of fexofenadine but decreased that of rosuvastatin following oral dose to rats. In conclusion, SCFAs exert opposite effects on the expression and function of intestinal P-gp and BCRP; butyrate downregulated P-gp expression and function possibly via inhibiting HDAC/NF-κB pathways; butyrate induced BCRP expression and function partly via PPARγ activation.
10.1038/s41401-020-0402-x
Change in Topoisomerase 1-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells Affects Overall Survival in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer after Treatment with Etirinotecan Pegol.
Rugo Hope S,Cortes Javier,Awada Ahmad,O'Shaughnessy Joyce,Twelves Chris,Im Seock-Ah,Hannah Alison,Lu Lin,Sy Sherwin,Caygill Katie,Zajchowski Deborah A,Davis Darren W,Tagliaferri Mary,Hoch Ute,Perez Edith A
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
Preplanned exploratory analyses were performed to identify biomarkers in circulating tumor cells (CTC) predictive of response to the topoisomerase 1 inhibitor etirinotecan pegol (EP). The BEACON trial treated patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with EP or treatment of physician's choice (TPC). Blood from 656 of 852 patients (77%) was processed with ApoStream to enrich for CTCs. A multiplex immunofluorescence assay measured expression of candidate response biomarkers [topoisomerase 1 (Top1), topoisomerase 2 (Top2), Ki67, RAD51, ABCG2, γH2AX, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)] in CTCs. Patients were classified as Top1 low (Top1Lo) or Top1 high (Top1Hi) based on median CTC Top1 expression. Correlation of CTC biomarker expression at baseline, cycle 2 day 1 (C2D1), and cycle 4 day 1 with overall survival (OS) was investigated using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. Overall, 98% of samples were successfully processed, of which 97% had detectable CTCs (median, 47-63 CTCs/mL; range, 0-2,020 CTCs/mL). Top1, Top2, and TUNEL expression was detected in 52% to 90% of samples; no significant associations with OS were observed in pretreatment samples for either group. EP-treated patients with low C2D1Top1 CTCs had improved OS compared with those with higher positivity (14.1 months vs. 11.0 months, respectively; HR, 0.7; = 0.02); this difference was not seen in TPC-treated patients (HR, 1.12; = 0.48). Patients whose CTCs decreased from Top1Hi to Top1Lo at C2D1 had the greatest OS benefit from EP (HR, 0.57; = 0.01). CTC Top1 expression following EP treatment may identify patients with MBC most likely to have an OS benefit. .
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3059
Topotecan central nervous system penetration is altered by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Zhuang Yanli,Fraga Charles H,Hubbard K Elaine,Hagedorn Nikolaus,Panetta John C,Waters Christopher M,Stewart Clinton F
Cancer research
A potential strategy to increase the efficacy of topotecan to treat central nervous system (CNS) malignancies is modulation of the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers to enhance topotecan CNS penetration. This study focused on topotecan penetration into the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mouse model and the effect of modulation of ABC transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (gefitinib). After 4 and 8 mg/kg topotecan i.v., the brain ECF to plasma AUC ratio of unbound topotecan lactone was 0.21 +/- 0.04 and 0.61 +/- 0.16, respectively; the ventricular CSF to plasma AUC ratio was 1.18 +/- 0.10 and 1.30 +/- 0.13, respectively. To study the effect of gefitinib on topotecan CNS penetration, 200 mg/kg gefitinib was administered orally 1 hour before 4 mg/kg topotecan i.v. The brain ECF to plasma AUC ratio of unbound topotecan lactone increased by 1.6-fold to 0.35 +/- 0.04, which was significantly different from the ratio without gefitinib (P < 0.05). The ventricular CSF to plasma AUC ratio significantly decreased to 0.98 +/- 0.05 (P < 0.05). Breast cancer resistance protein 1 (Bcrp1), an efficient topotecan transporter, was detected at the apical aspect of the choroid plexus in FVB mice. In conclusion, topotecan brain ECF penetration was lower compared with ventricular CSF penetration. Gefitinib increased topotecan brain ECF penetration but decreased the ventricular CSF penetration. These results are consistent with the possibility that expression of Bcrp1 and P-glycoprotein at the apical side of the choroid plexus facilitates an influx transport mechanism across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, resulting in high topotecan CSF penetration.
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0929
Genetic and Physiological Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) on Human Urate Homeostasis.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:Hyperinsulinemia induces hyperuricemia by activating net renal urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. The basolateral reabsorptive urate transporter GLUT9a appears to be the dominant target for insulin. By contrast, IGF-1 infusion reduces serum urate (SU), through mechanisms unknown. Genetic variants of IGF1R associated with reduced SU have increased IGF-1R expression and interact with genes encoding the GLUT9 and ABCG2 urate transporters, in a sex-specific fashion, which controls the SU level. Activation of IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling in Xenopus oocytes modestly activates GLUT9a and inhibits insulin's stimulatory effect on the transporter, which also activates multiple secretory urate transporters-ABCG2, ABCC4, OAT1, and OAT3. The results collectively suggest that IGF-1 reduces SU by activating secretory urate transporters and inhibiting insulin's action on GLUT9a. BACKGROUND:Metabolic syndrome and hyperinsulinemia are associated with hyperuricemia. Insulin infusion in healthy volunteers elevates serum urate (SU) by activating net urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule, whereas IGF-1 infusion reduces SU by mechanisms unknown. Variation within the IGF1R gene also affects SU levels. METHODS:Colocalization analyses of a SU genome-wide association studies signal at IGF1R and expression quantitative trait loci signals in cis using COLOC2, RT-PCR, Western blotting, and urate transport assays in transfected HEK 293T cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS:Genetic association at IGF1R with SU is stronger in women and is mediated by control of IGF1R expression. Inheritance of the urate-lowering homozygous genotype at the SLC2A9 locus is associated with a differential effect of IGF1R genotype between men and women. IGF-1, through IGF-1R, stimulated urate uptake in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells and transfected HEK 293T cells, through activation of IRS1, PI3/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK; urate uptake was inhibited in the presence of uricosuric drugs, specific inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase, PI3 kinase (PI3K), ERK, and p38 MAPK. In X. laevis oocytes expressing ten individual urate transporters, IGF-1 through endogenous IGF-1R stimulated urate transport mediated by GLUT9, OAT1, OAT3, ABCG2, and ABCC4 and inhibited insulin's stimulatory action on GLUT9a and OAT3. IGF-1 significantly activated Akt and ERK. Specific inhibitors of PI3K, ERK, and PKC significantly affected IGF-1 stimulation of urate transport in oocytes. CONCLUSIONS:The combined results of infusion, genetics, and transport experiments suggest that IGF-1 reduces SU by activating urate secretory transporters and inhibiting insulin's action.
10.1681/ASN.0000000000000054
ABCB1, ABCG2, and PTEN determine the response of glioblastoma to temozolomide and ABT-888 therapy.
Lin Fan,de Gooijer Mark C,Roig Eloy Moreno,Buil Levi C M,Christner Susan M,Beumer Jan H,Würdinger Thomas,Beijnen Jos H,van Tellingen Olaf
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:Little is known about the optimal clinical use of ABT-888 (veliparib) for treatment of glioblastoma. ABT-888 is a PARP inhibitor undergoing extensive clinical evaluation in glioblastoma, because it may synergize with the standard-of-care temozolomide (TMZ). We have elucidated important factors controlling ABT-888 efficacy in glioblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:We used genetically engineered spontaneous glioblastoma mouse models and allograft models that were orthotopically transplanted into wild-type (WT) and Abcb1/Abcg2-deficient (KO) recipients. RESULTS:ABT-888/TMZ is not efficacious against p53;p16(Ink4a)/p19(Arf);K-Ras(v12);LucR allografts in wild-type recipients, indicating inherent resistance. Abcb1/Abcg2 mediated efflux of ABT-888 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) causes a 5-fold reduction of ABT-888 brain penetration (P < 0.0001) that was fully reversible by elacridar. Efficacy studies in WT and KO recipients and/or concomitant elacridar demonstrate that Abcb1/Abcg2 at the BBB and in tumor cells impair TMZ/ABT-888 combination treatment efficacy. Elacridar also markedly improved TMZ/ABT-888 combination treatment in the spontaneous p53;p16(Ink4a)/p19(Arf);K-Ras(v12);LucR glioblastoma model. Importantly, ABT-888 does enhance TMZ efficacy in Pten deficient glioblastoma allografts and spontaneous tumors, even in Abcb1/Abcg2 proficient wild-type mice. Loss of PTEN occurs frequently in glioblastoma (36%) and in silico analysis on patient with glioblastoma samples revealed that it is associated with a worse overall survival (310 days vs. 620 days, n = 117). CONCLUSIONS:The potential of ABT-888 in glioblastoma can best be demonstrated in patients with PTEN null tumors. Therefore, clinical trials with ABT-888 should evaluate these patients as a separate group. Importantly, inhibition of ABCB1 and ABCG2 (by elacridar) may improve the efficacy of TMZ/ABT-888 therapy in all glioblastoma patients.
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0084
A phase I, randomized, open-label, parallel-cohort, dose-finding study of elacridar (GF120918) and oral topotecan in cancer patients.
Kuppens Isa E L M,Witteveen Els O,Jewell Roxanne C,Radema Sandra A,Paul Elaine M,Mangum Steve G,Beijnen Jos H,Voest Emile E,Schellens Jan H M
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) substantially limits the oral bioavailability of topotecan. Coadministration with elacridar, an inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein-mediated drug transport, increases the bioavailability of topotecan. The aim of this study was to establish the lowest effective dose of elacridar to obtain maximum oral bioavailability of topotecan and to determine the optimal schedule of coadministration of oral topotecan and elacridar. In the second part of this study, dose-limiting toxicities and maximum tolerated dose of oral topotecan coadministered with elacridar, at a daily times five regimen administered every 21 days, were established. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:In part I, 20 patients were randomized to receive 100, 300, 500, 700, or 1,000 mg of elacridar on days 1 and 8 1 h before or simultaneously with 2.0 mg oral topotecan, which was also randomized. On day 15, all patients were treated with 1.5 mg/m(2) i.v. topotecan. In part II of the study, patients were treated daily with oral topotecan and with the lowest effective dose of elacridar following from part I. The maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicity were determined in cohorts of three patients. Blood samples were taken on days 1, 8, and 15 of part I and on day 1 of cycles 1 and 2 of part II. RESULTS:Complete apparent oral bioavailability of topotecan (102 +/- 7%) for all treatment arms with elacridar in both schedules was seen in part I. In the topotecan dose escalation part, two dose-limiting toxicities were seen at the 2.5 mg topotecan dose level. CONCLUSION:The recommended schedule is 2.0 mg oral topotecan plus 100 mg elacridar administered concomitantly daily times five every 21 days.
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2414
Cytotoxicity of the indole alkaloid reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina against drug-resistant tumor cells.
Abdelfatah Sara A A,Efferth Thomas
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
BACKGROUND:The antihypertensive reserpine is an indole alkaloid from Rauwolfia serpentina and exerts also profound activity against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The present investigation was undertaken to investigate possible modes of action to explain its activity toward drug-resistant tumor cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Sensitive and drug-resistant tumor cell lines overexpressing P-glycoprotein (ABCB1/MDR1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP), mutation-activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), wild-type and p53-knockout cells as well as the NCI panel of cell lines from different tumor origin were analyzed. Reserpine's cytotoxicity was investigated by resazurin and sulforhodamine assays, flow cytometry, and COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of transcriptome-wide microarray-based RNA expressions. RESULTS:P-glycoprotein- or BCRP overexpressing tumor cells did not reveal cross-resistance to reserpine. EGFR-overexpressing cells were collateral sensitive and p53- Knockout cells cross-resistant to this drug compared to their wild-type parental cell lines. Reserpine increased the uptake of doxorubicin in P-glycoprotein-overexpressing cells, indicating that reserpine inhibited the efflux function of P-glycoprotein. Using molecular docking, we found that reserpine bound with even higher binding energy to P-glycoprotein and EGFR than the control drugs verapamil (P-glycoprotein inhibitor) and erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor). COMPARE and cluster analyses of microarray data showed that the mRNA expression of a panel of genes predicted the sensitivity or resistance of the NCI tumor cell line panel with statistical significance. The genes belonged to diverse pathways and biological functions, e.g. cell survival and apoptosis, EGFR activation, regulation of angiogenesis, cell mobility, cell adhesion, immunological functions, mTOR signaling, and Wnt signaling. CONCLUSION:The lack of cross-resistance to most resistance mechanisms and the collateral sensitivity in EGFR-transfectants compared to wild-type cells speak for a promising role of reserpine in cancer chemotherapy. Reserpine deserves further consideration for cancer therapy in the clinical setting.
10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.002
The gut microbiota ellagic acid-derived metabolite urolithin A and its sulfate conjugate are substrates for the drug efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP).
González-Sarrías Antonio,Miguel Verónica,Merino Gracia,Lucas Ricardo,Morales Juan C,Tomás-Barberán Francisco,Alvarez Ana I,Espín Juan C
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is a drug efflux transporter that can affect the pharmacological and toxicological properties of many molecules. Urolithins, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota from ellagic acid (EA) and ellagitannins, have been acknowledged with in vivo anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive properties. This study evaluated whether urolithins (Uro-A, -B, -C, and -D) and their main phase II metabolites Uro-A sulfate, Uro-A glucuronide, and Uro-B glucuronide as well as their precursor EA were substrates for ABCG2/BCRP. Parental and Bcrp1-transduced MDCKII cells were used for active transport assays. Uro-A and, to a lesser extent, Uro-A sulfate showed a significant increase in apically directed translocation in Bcrp1-transduced cells. Bcrp1 did not show affinity for the rest of the tested compounds. Data were confirmed for murine, human, bovine, and ovine BCRP-transduced subclones as well as with the use of the selective BCRP inhibitor Ko143. The transport inhibition by Uro-A was analyzed by flow cytometry compared to Ko143 using the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone as a model substrate. Results showed that Uro-A was able to inhibit mitoxantrone transport in a dose-dependent manner. This study reports for the first time that Uro-A and its sulfate conjugate are ABCG2/BCRP substrates. The results suggest that physiologically relevant concentrations of these gut microbiota-derived metabolites could modulate ABCG2/BCRP-mediated transport processes and mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Further in vivo investigations are warranted.
10.1021/jf4007505
Flavonoid permeability across an in situ model of the blood-brain barrier.
Youdim Kuresh A,Qaiser M Zeeshan,Begley David J,Rice-Evans Catherine A,Abbott N Joan
Free radical biology & medicine
Understanding mechanisms associated with flavonoid neuroprotection is complicated by the lack of information on their ability to enter the CNS. This study examined naringenin and quercetin permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), using in vitro (ECV304/C6 coculture) and in situ (rat) models. We report measurable permeabilities (P(app)) for both flavonoids across the in vitro BBB model, consistent with their lipophilicity. Both flavonoids showed measurable in situ BBB permeability. The rates of uptake (K(in)) into the right cerebral hemisphere were 0.145 and 0.019 ml min(-1) g(-1) for naringenin and quercetin, respectively. Quercetin K(in) was comparable to that of colchicine (0.006 ml min(-1) g(-1)), a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Preadministration of the P-gp inhibitor PSC833 or GF120918 (10 mg/kg body wt) significantly increased colchicine K(in), but only GF120918 (able to inhibit breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP) affected K(in) for quercetin. Naringenin K(in) was not affected. The influence of efflux transporters on flavonoid permeability at the BBB was further studied using MDCK-MDR1 and immortalized rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4). Colchicine, quercetin, and naringenin all showed measurable accumulation (distribution volume, V(d) (microl/mg protein)) in both cell types. The V(d) for colchicine increased significantly in both cell lines following coincubation with either PSC833 (25 microM) or GF120918 (25 microM). Both inhibitors also caused an increase in naringenin V(d); by contrast only GF120918 coincubation significantly increased quercetin V(d). In conclusion, the results demonstrate that flavonoids are able to traverse the BBB in vivo. However, the permeability of certain flavonoids in vivo is influenced by their lipophilicity and interactions with efflux transporters.
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.023
Antihyperuricemic effect of mangiferin aglycon derivative J99745 by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and urate transporter 1 expression in mice.
Qin Zhizhen,Wang Shoubao,Lin Yihuang,Zhao Ying,Yang Shengqian,Song Junke,Xie Tao,Tian Jinlong,Wu Song,Du Guanhua
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
A mangiferin aglycon derivative J99745 has been identified as a potent xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitor by previous study. This study aimed to evaluate the hypouricemic effects of J99745 in experimental hyperuricemia mice, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Mice were orally administered 600 mg/kg xanthine once daily for 7 days and intraperitoneally injected 250 mg/kg oxonic acid on the 7th day to induce hyperuricemia. Meanwhile, J99745 (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg), allopurinol (20 mg/kg) or benzbromarone (20 mg/kg) were orally administered to mice for 7 days. On the 7th day, uric acid and creatinine in serum and urine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and XOD activities in serum and liver were determined. Morphological changes in kidney were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Hepatic XOD, renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter type 9 (GLUT9), organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) were detected by Western blot and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that J99745 at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg significantly reduced serum urate, and enhanced fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA). H&E staining confirmed that J99745 provided greater nephroprotective effects than allopurinol and benzbromarone. Moreover, serum and hepatic XOD activities and renal URAT1 expression declined in J99745-treated hyperuricemia mice. In consistence with the ability to inhibit XOD, J99745 lowered serum MDA content in hyperuricemia mice. Our results suggest that J99745 exerts urate-lowering effect by inhibiting XOD activity and URAT1 expression, thus representing a promising candidate as an anti-hyperuricemia agent.
10.1016/j.apsb.2017.05.004
Nilotinib concentration in cell lines and primary CD34(+) chronic myeloid leukemia cells is not mediated by active uptake or efflux by major drug transporters.
Davies A,Jordanides N E,Giannoudis A,Lucas C M,Hatziieremia S,Harris R J,Jørgensen H G,Holyoake T L,Pirmohamed M,Clark R E,Mountford J C
Leukemia
Imatinib mesylate and nilotinib are highly effective at eradicating the majority of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells; however, neither agent induces apoptosis of primitive CML CD34(+) cells. One possible explanation is that CD34(+) cells do not accumulate sufficient intracellular drug levels because of either inadequate active uptake or increased efflux. To determine the interaction of nilotinib with major clinically implicated drug transporters, we analyzed their interactions with MDR1 (ABCB1), MRP1 (ABCC1), ABCG2 (BCRP) and human organic cation transporter (hOCT)1 in CML cell lines and primitive (CD34(+)) primary CML cells. Nilotinib is neither dependent on active import by hOCT1, nor effluxed through the ATP-binding cassette transporters analyzed. Indeed, we found nilotinib to be an inhibitor of hOCT1, MDR1 and ABCG2. The efflux transporters MDR1, MRP1 and ABCG2 are expressed on CML CD34(+) cells at 13.5, 108 and 291% of control, respectively, although hOCT1 expression was absent; however, inhibition of efflux transporter activity did not potentiate the effect of nilotinib on apoptosis, Bcr-Abl inhibition or CML CD34(+) cell proliferation. Therefore, we have found no evidence for either active uptake of nilotinib through hOCT1 or efflux through MDR1, MRP1 or ABCG2, and it is therefore unlikely that these transporters will have any effect on the clinical response to this drug.
10.1038/leu.2009.166
Cryo-EM structures of a human ABCG2 mutant trapped in ATP-bound and substrate-bound states.
Manolaridis Ioannis,Jackson Scott M,Taylor Nicholas M I,Kowal Julia,Stahlberg Henning,Locher Kaspar P
Nature
ABCG2 is a transporter protein of the ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) family that is expressed in the plasma membrane in cells of various tissues and tissue barriers, including the blood-brain, blood-testis and maternal-fetal barriers. Powered by ATP, it translocates endogenous substrates, affects the pharmacokinetics of many drugs and protects against a wide array of xenobiotics, including anti-cancer drugs. Previous studies have revealed the architecture of ABCG2 and the structural basis of its inhibition by small molecules and antibodies. However, the mechanisms of substrate recognition and ATP-driven transport are unknown. Here we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human ABCG2 in a substrate-bound pre-translocation state and an ATP-bound post-translocation state. For both structures, we used a mutant containing a glutamine replacing the catalytic glutamate (ABCG2), which resulted in reduced ATPase and transport rates and facilitated conformational trapping for structural studies. In the substrate-bound state, a single molecule of estrone-3-sulfate (ES) is bound in a central, hydrophobic and cytoplasm-facing cavity about halfway across the membrane. Only one molecule of ES can bind in the observed binding mode. In the ATP-bound state, the substrate-binding cavity has collapsed while an external cavity has opened to the extracellular side of the membrane. The ATP-induced conformational changes include rigid-body shifts of the transmembrane domains, pivoting of the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), and a change in the relative orientation of the NBD subdomains. Mutagenesis and in vitro characterization of transport and ATPase activities demonstrate the roles of specific residues in substrate recognition, including a leucine residue that forms a 'plug' between the two cavities. Our results show how ABCG2 harnesses the energy of ATP binding to extrude ES and other substrates, and suggest that the size and binding affinity of compounds are important for distinguishing substrates from inhibitors.
10.1038/s41586-018-0680-3
Effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of irinotecan in cancer patients: a prospective cross-over drug-drug interaction study.
van der Bol Jessica M,Loos Walter J,de Jong Floris A,van Meerten Esther,Konings Inge R H M,Lam Mei H,de Bruijn Peter,Wiemer Erik A C,Verweij Jaap,Mathijssen Ron H J
European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)
BACKGROUND:Omeprazole is one of the most prescribed medications worldwide and within the class of proton pump inhibitors, it is most frequently associated with drug interactions. In vitro studies have shown that omeprazole can alter the function of metabolic enzymes and transporters that are involved in the metabolism of irinotecan, such as uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase subfamily 1A1 (UGT1A1), cytochrome P-450 enzymes subfamily 3A (CYP3A) and ATP-binding cassette drug-transporter G2 (ABCG2). In this open-label cross-over study we investigated the effects of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of irinotecan. METHODS:Fourteen patients were treated with single agent irinotecan (600mg i.v., 90min) followed 3weeks later by a second cycle with concurrent use of omeprazole 40mg once daily, which was started 2weeks prior to the second cycle. Plasma samples were obtained up to 55h after infusion and analysed for irinotecan and its metabolites 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycampothecin (SN-38), SN-38-glucuronide (SN-38G), 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-amino]-carbonyloxycamptothecin (NPC) and 7-ethyl-10-[4-N-(5-aminopentanoic acid)-1-piperidino]-carbonyloxycamptothecin (APC) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Non-compartmental modelling was performed. Toxicities were monitored during both cycles. Paired statistical tests were performed with SPSS. RESULTS:The exposure to irinotecan and its metabolites was not significantly different between both cycles. Neither were there significant differences in the absolute nadir and percentage decrease of WBC and ANC, nor on the incidence and severity of neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting when irinotecan was combined with omeprazole. CONCLUSION:Omeprazole 40mg did not alter the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of irinotecan. This widely used drug can, therefore, be safely administered during a 3-weekly single agent irinotecan schedule.
10.1016/j.ejca.2010.11.030
In vitro and in vivo identification of ABCB1 as an efflux transporter of bosutinib.
Redaelli Sara,Perini Pietro,Ceccon Monica,Piazza Rocco,Rigolio Roberta,Mauri Mario,Boschelli Frank,Giannoudis Athina,Gambacorti-Passerini Carlo
Journal of hematology & oncology
BACKGROUND:Bosutinib is a recently approved ABL inhibitor. In spite of the well-documented effectiveness of BCR-ABL inhibitors in treating chronic myeloid leukemia, development of resistance is a continuous clinical challenge. Transporters that facilitate drug uptake and efflux have been proposed as one potential source of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Our aim was to determine which carriers are responsible for bosutinib transport. METHODS:K562S cells overexpressing the drug transporters ABCB1, ABCG2, and SLC22A1 were generated, characterized and used in proliferation assay and intracellular uptake and retention assay (IUR). In vivo experiments were performed in nude mice injected with K562S, K562DOX cells (overexpressing ABCB1), and K562DOX silenced for ABCB1 (K562DOX/sh P-GP). RESULTS:The IUR assay using C-14 bosutinib showed that only ABCB1 was responsible for active bosutinib transport. K562DOX cells showed the lowest intracellular level of bosutinib, while K562DOX cells treated with the ABCB1 inhibitor verapamil showed intracellular bosutinib levels comparable with parental K562S. Proliferation assays demonstrated that K562DOX are resistant to bosutinib treatment while verapamil is able to restore the sensitivity to the drug. Nude mice injected with K562DOX and treated with bosutinib showed very limited response and quickly relapsed after stopping treatment while K562S as well as K562DOX/sh P-GP remained tumor-free. CONCLUSIONS:Our data suggest that the analysis of ABCB1 expression levels might help determine treatment options for patients exhibiting resistance to bosutinib.
10.1186/s13045-015-0179-4
Structures of ABCG2 under turnover conditions reveal a key step in the drug transport mechanism.
Yu Qin,Ni Dongchun,Kowal Julia,Manolaridis Ioannis,Jackson Scott M,Stahlberg Henning,Locher Kaspar P
Nature communications
ABCG2 is a multidrug transporter that affects drug pharmacokinetics and contributes to multidrug resistance of cancer cells. In previously reported structures, the reaction cycle was halted by the absence of substrates or ATP, mutation of catalytic residues, or the presence of small-molecule inhibitors or inhibitory antibodies. Here we present cryo-EM structures of ABCG2 under turnover conditions containing either the endogenous substrate estrone-3-sulfate or the exogenous substrate topotecan. We find two distinct conformational states in which both the transport substrates and ATP are bound. Whereas the state turnover-1 features more widely separated NBDs and an accessible substrate cavity between the TMDs, turnover-2 features semi-closed NBDs and an almost fully occluded substrate cavity. Substrate size appears to control which turnover state is mainly populated. The conformational changes between turnover-1 and turnover-2 states reveal how ATP binding is linked to the closing of the cytoplasmic side of the TMDs. The transition from turnover-1 to turnover-2 is the likely bottleneck or rate-limiting step of the reaction cycle, where the discrimination of substrates and inhibitors occurs.
10.1038/s41467-021-24651-2
Mechanism of the pharmacokinetic interaction between methotrexate and benzimidazoles: potential role for breast cancer resistance protein in clinical drug-drug interactions.
Breedveld Pauline,Zelcer Noam,Pluim Dick,Sönmezer Ozgür,Tibben Matthijs M,Beijnen Jos H,Schinkel Alfred H,van Tellingen Olaf,Borst Piet,Schellens Jan H M
Cancer research
The antifolate drug methotrexate (MTX) is transported by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein1-4 (MRP1-4; ABCC1-4). In cancer patients, coadministration of benzimidazoles and MTX can result in profound MTX-induced toxicity coinciding with an increase in the serum concentrations of MTX and its main metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate. We hypothesized that benzimidazoles interfere with the clearance of MTX and/or 7-hydroxymethotrexate by inhibition of the ATP-binding cassette drug transporters BCRP and/or MRP2, two transporters known to transport MTX and located in apical membranes of epithelia involved in drug disposition. First, we investigated the mechanism of interaction between benzimidazoles (pantoprazole and omeprazole) and MTX in vitro in membrane vesicles from Sf9 cells infected with a baculovirus containing human BCRP or human MRP2 cDNA. In Sf9-BCRP vesicles, pantoprazole and omeprazole inhibited MTX transport (IC50 13 microm and 36 microm, respectively). In Sf9-MRP2 vesicles, pantoprazole did not inhibit MTX transport and at high concentrations (1 mm), it even stimulated MTX transport 1.6-fold. Secondly, we studied the transport of pantoprazole in MDCKII monolayers transfected with mouse Bcrp1 or human MRP2. Pantoprazole was actively transported by Bcrp1 but not by MRP2. Finally, the mechanism of the interaction was studied in vivo using Bcrp1-/- mice and wild-type mice. Both in wild-type mice pretreated with pantoprazole to inhibit Bcrp1 and in Bcrp1-/- mice that lack Bcrp1, the clearance of i.v. MTX was decreased significantly 1.8- to 1.9-fold compared with the clearance of i.v. MTX in wild-type mice. The conclusion is as follows: benzimidazoles differentially affect transport of MTX mediated by BCRP and MRP2. Competition for BCRP may explain the clinical interaction between MTX and benzimidazoles.
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-4062
The phytoestrogen genistein enhances multidrug resistance in breast cancer cell lines by translational regulation of ABC transporters.
Rigalli Juan Pablo,Tocchetti Guillermo Nicolás,Arana Maite Rocío,Villanueva Silvina Stella Maris,Catania Viviana Alicia,Theile Dirk,Ruiz María Laura,Weiss Johanna
Cancer letters
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women. Multidrug resistance due to overexpression of ABC drug transporters is a common cause of chemotherapy failure and disease recurrence. Genistein (GNT) is a phytoestrogen present in soybeans and hormone supplements. We investigated the effect of GNT on the expression and function of ABC transporters in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Results demonstrated an induction at the protein level of ABCC1 and ABCG2 and of ABCC1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. MCF-7 cells showed a concomitant increase in doxorubicin and mitoxantrone efflux and resistance, dependent on ABCG2 activity. ABCC1 induction by GNT in MDA-MB-231 cells modified neither drug efflux nor chemoresistance due to simultaneous acute inhibition of the transporter activity by GNT. All inductions took place at the translational level, as no increment in mRNA was observed and protein increase was prevented by cycloheximide. miR-181a, already demonstrated to inhibit ABCG2 translation, was down-regulated by GNT, explaining translational induction. Effects were independent of classical estrogen receptors. Results suggest potential nutrient-drug interactions that could threaten chemotherapy efficacy, especially in ABCG2-expressing tumors treated with substrates of this transporter.
10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.040
Sonic hedgehog-glioma associated oncogene homolog 1 signaling enhances drug resistance in CD44(+)/Musashi-1(+) gastric cancer stem cells.
Xu Min,Gong Aihua,Yang Hongqiong,George Suraj K,Jiao Zhijun,Huang Hongmei,Jiang Xiaomeng,Zhang Youli
Cancer letters
Drug resistance in gastric cancer largely results from the gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs), which could be targeted to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. In this study, we identified a subpopulation of GCSCs enriched in holoclones that expressed CD44(+)/Musashi-1(+) stem cell biomarkers, capable of self-renewal and proliferation. Enriched CD44(+)/Musashi-1(+) GCSCs demonstrated elevated expression of sonic hedgehog (SHH) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), the well-known signaling pathway molecules involved in the drug resistance. Further, CD44(+)/Musashi-1(+) cells exhibited high drug efflux bump activity and were resistant to doxorubicin (Dox)-induced apoptosis, and unregulated the ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) expression,. The above effects on apoptosis were reversed in the presence of GLI inhibitors, GANT61 and GDC-0449, or by the knockdown of GLI1/SHH. Upon knockdown of GLI1, expression of ABCG2 was downregulated the antitumor effects were significantly improved as observed in the gastric cancer xenograft. Collectively, our study revealed that co-expression of CD44(+)/Musashi-1(+) could be used to identify GCSCs, which also accounts for the drug resistance in gastric cancer. SHH-GLI and its downstream effector ABCG2 could be better targeted to possibly improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in drug-resistant gastric cancers.
10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.005
Imatinib mesylate (STI571) is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 drug pump.
Burger Herman,van Tol Hans,Boersma Antonius W M,Brok Mariël,Wiemer Erik A C,Stoter Gerrit,Nooter Kees
Blood
Imatinib mesylate (STI571), a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is successfully used in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. However, the intended chronic oral administration of imatinib may lead to development of cellular resistance and subsequent treatment failure. Indeed, several molecular mechanisms leading to imatinib resistance have already been reported, including overexpression of the MDR1/ABCB1 drug pump. We examined whether imatinib is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 drug pump that is frequently overexpressed in human tumors. Using a panel of well-defined BCRP-overexpressing cell lines, we provide the first evidence that imatinib is a substrate for BCRP, that it competes with mitoxantrone for drug export, and that BCRP-mediated efflux can be reversed by the fumitremorgin C analog Ko-143. Since BCRP is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, BCRP might not only play a role in cellular resistance of tumor cells but also influence the gastrointestinal absorption of imatinib.
10.1182/blood-2004-04-1398
In vivo characterization of [F]AVT-011 as a radiotracer for PET imaging of multidrug resistance.
Kannan Pavitra,Füredi András,Dizdarevic Sabina,Wanek Thomas,Mairinger Severin,Collins Jeffrey,Falls Theresa,van Dam R Michael,Maheshwari Divya,Lee Jason T,Szakács Gergely,Langer Oliver
European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging
PURPOSE:Multidrug resistance (MDR) impedes cancer treatment. Two efflux transporters from the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family, ABCB1 and ABCG2, may contribute to MDR by restricting the entry of therapeutic drugs into tumor cells. Although a higher expression of these transporters has been correlated with an unfavorable response to chemotherapy, transporter expression does not necessarily correlate with function. In this study, we characterized the pharmacological properties of [F]AVT-011, a new PET radiotracer for imaging transporter-mediated MDR in tumors. METHODS:AVT-011 was radiolabeled with F and evaluated with PET imaging in preclinical models. Transport of [F]AVT-011 by ABCB1 and/or ABCG2 was assessed by measuring its uptake in the brains of wild-type, Abcb1a/b, and Abcg2 mice at baseline and after administration of the ABCB1 inhibitor tariquidar (n = 5/group). Metabolism and biodistribution of [F]AVT-011 were also measured. To measure ABCB1 function in tumors, we performed PET experiments using both [F]AVT-011 and [F]FDG in mice bearing orthotopic breast tumors (n = 7-10/group) expressing clinically relevant levels of ABCB1. RESULTS:At baseline, brain uptake was highest in Abcb1a/b mice. After tariquidar administration, brain uptake increased 3-fold and 8-fold in wild-type and Abcg2 mice, respectively, but did not increase further in Abcb1a/b mice. At 30 min after injection, the radiotracer was > 90% in its parent form and had highest uptake in organs of the hepatobiliary system. Compared with that in drug-sensitive tumors, uptake of [F]AVT-011 was 32% lower in doxorubicin-resistant tumors with highest ABCB1 expression and increased by 40% with tariquidar administration. Tumor uptake of [F]FDG did not significantly differ among groups. CONCLUSION:[F]AVT-011 is a dual ABCB1/ABCG2 substrate radiotracer that can quantify transporter function at the blood-brain barrier and in ABCB1-expressing tumors, making it potentially suitable for clinical imaging of ABCB1-mediated MDR in tumors.
10.1007/s00259-019-04589-w
Melatonin-induced methylation of the ABCG2/BCRP promoter as a novel mechanism to overcome multidrug resistance in brain tumour stem cells.
Martín V,Sanchez-Sanchez A M,Herrera F,Gomez-Manzano C,Fueyo J,Alvarez-Vega M A,Antolín I,Rodriguez C
British journal of cancer
BACKGROUND:Current evidence indicates that a stem cell-like sub-population within malignant glioblastomas, that overexpress members of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) family transporters, is responsible for multidrug resistance and tumour relapse. Eradication of the brain tumour stem cell (BTSC) compartment is therefore essential to achieve a stable and long-lasting remission. METHODS:Melatonin actions were analysed by viability cell assays, flow cytometry, quantitative PCR for mRNA expression, western blot for protein expression and quantitative and qualitative promoter methylation methods. RESULTS:Combinations of melatonin and chemotherapeutic drugs (including temozolomide, current treatment for malignant gliomas) have a synergistic toxic effect on BTSCs and A172 malignant glioma cells. This effect is correlated with a downregulation of the expression and function of the ABC transporter ABCG2/BCRP. Melatonin increased the methylation levels of the ABCG2/BCRP promoter and the effects on ABCG2/BCRP expression and function were prevented by preincubation with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. CONCLUSION:Our results point out a possible relationship between the downregulation of ABCG2/BCRP function and the synergistic toxic effect of melatonin and chemotherapeutic drugs. Melatonin could be a promising candidate to overcome multidrug resistance in the treatment of glioblastomas, and thus improve the efficiency of current therapies.
10.1038/bjc.2013.188
Multidrug resistance mediated by the breast cancer resistance protein BCRP (ABCG2).
Doyle L Austin,Ross Douglas D
Oncogene
Observations of functional adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent drug efflux in certain multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines without overexpression of P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family members suggested the existence of another ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter capable of causing cancer drug resistance. In one such cell line (MCF-7/AdrVp), the overexpression of a novel member of the G subfamily of ABC transporters was found. The new transporter was termed the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), because of its identification in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. BCRP is a 655 amino-acid polypeptide, formally designated as ABCG2. Like all members of the ABC G (white) subfamily, BCRP is a half transporter. Transfection and enforced overexpression of BCRP in drug-sensitive MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells recapitulates the drug-resistance phenotype of MCF-7/AdrVp cells, consistent with current evidence suggesting that functional BCRP is a homodimer. BCRP maps to chromosome 4q22, downstream from a TATA-less promoter. The spectrum of anticancer drugs effluxed by BCRP includes mitoxantrone, camptothecin-derived and indolocarbazole topoisomerase I inhibitors, methotrexate, flavopiridol, and quinazoline ErbB1 inhibitors. Transport of anthracyclines is variable and appears to depend on the presence of a BCRP mutation at codon 482. Potent and specific inhibitors of BCRP are now being developed, opening the door to clinical applications of BCRP inhibition. Owing to tissue localization in the placenta, bile canaliculi, colon, small bowel, and brain microvessel endothelium, BCRP may play a role in protecting the organism from potentially harmful xenobiotics. BCRP expression has also been demonstrated in pluripotential "side population" stem cells, responsible for the characteristic ability of these cells to exclude Hoechst 33342 dye, and possibly for the maintenance of the stem cell phenotype. Studies are emerging on the role of BCRP expression in drug resistance in clinical cancers. More prospective studies are needed, preferably combining BCRP protein or mRNA quantification with functional assays, in order to determine the contribution of BCRP to drug resistance in human cancers.
10.1038/sj.onc.1206938
PFKFB3 regulates cancer stemness through the hippo pathway in small cell lung carcinoma.
Oncogene
PFKFB3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase) is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis and is overexpressed in several human cancers that are associated with poor prognosis. High PFKFB3 expression in cancer stem cells promotes glycolysis and survival in the tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of PFKFB3 by the glycolytic inhibitor PFK158 and by shRNA stable knockdown in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines inhibited glycolysis, proliferation, spheroid formation, and the expression of cancer stem cell markers CD133, Aldh1, CD44, Sox2, and ABCG2. These factors are also associated with chemotherapy resistance. We found that PFK158 treatment and PFKFB3 knockdown enhanced the ABCG2-interacting drugs doxorubicin, etoposide, and 5-fluorouracil in reducing cell viability under conditions of enriched cancer stem cells (CSC). Additionally, PFKFB3 inhibition attenuated the invasion/migration of SCLC cells by downregulating YAP/TAZ signaling while increasing pLATS1 via activation of pMST1 and NF2 and by reducing the mesenchymal protein expression. PFKFB3 knockdown and PFK158 treatment in a H1048 SCLC cancer stem cell-enriched mouse xenograft model showed significant reduction in tumor growth and weight with reduced expression of cancer stem cell markers, ABCG2, and YAP/TAZ. Our findings identify that PFKFB3 is a novel target to regulate cancer stem cells and its associated therapeutic resistance markers YAP/TAZ and ABCG2 in SCLC models.
10.1038/s41388-022-02391-x
Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors.
Skrobik Yoanna,Leger Caroline,Cossette Mariève,Michaud Veronique,Turgeon Jacques
Critical care medicine
BACKGROUND:Delirium and sedative-induced coma are described as incremental manifestations of cerebral dysfunction. Both may be associated with sedative or opiate doses and pharmacokinetic or pharmacogenetic variables, such as drug plasma levels (exposure), drug metabolism, and/or their transport across the blood-brain barrier. OBJECTIVES:To compare biological and drug treatment characteristics in patients with coma and/or delirium while in the ICU. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS:In 99 patients receiving IV fentanyl, midazolam, or both, we evaluated drug doses, covariates likely to influence drug effects (age, body mass index, and renal and hepatic dysfunction); delirium risk factors; concomitant administration of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein substrates/inhibitors; ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms; and fentanyl and midazolam plasma levels. Delirium and coma were evaluated daily. In patients with only coma (n=15), only delirium (n=7), and neither ever (n=14), we measured plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17,macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. RESULTS:Time to first coma was associated with fentanyl and midazolam doses (p=0.03 and p=0.01, respectively). The number of days in coma was associated with the number of days of coadministration of CYP3A inhibitors (r=0.30; p=0.006). Plasma levels of fentanyl were higher in patients with clinical coma (3.7±4.7 vs. 2.0±1.8 ng/mL, p=0.0001) as were midazolam plasma levels (1050±2232 vs. 168±249 ng/mL, p=0.0001). Delirium occurrence was unrelated to midazolam administration, cumulative doses, or serum levels. Days with delirium were associated with days of coadministration of P-glycoprotein inhibitor (r=0.35; p=0.0004). Delirious patients had higher levels of the inflammatory mediator IL-6 than comatose patients (129.3 vs. 35.0 pg/mL, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Coma is associated with fentanyl and midazolam exposure; delirium is unrelated to midazolam and may be linked to inflammatory status. These data suggest that iatrogenic coma and delirium are not mechanistically linked.
10.1097/CCM.0b013e318275d014
Abcc4 together with abcb1 and abcg2 form a robust cooperative drug efflux system that restricts the brain entry of camptothecin analogues.
Lin Fan,Marchetti Serena,Pluim Dick,Iusuf Dilek,Mazzanti Roberto,Schellens Jan H M,Beijnen Jos H,van Tellingen Olaf
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (ABCC4) shares many features with P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), including broad substrate affinity and expression at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the pharmacologic relevance of ABCC4 at the BBB is difficult to evaluate, as most drugs are also substrates of ABCB1 and/or ABCG2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:We have created a mouse strain in which all these alleles are inactivated to assess their impact on brain delivery of camptothecin analogues, an important class of antineoplastic agents and substrates of these transporters. Wild-type (WT), Abcg2(-/-), Abcb1a/b(-/-), Abcc4(-/-), Abcb1a/b;Abcg2(-/-), Abcg2;Abcc4(-/-), and Abcb1a/b;Abcg2;Abcc4(-/-) mice received i.v. topotecan, irinotecan, SN-38, or gimatecan alone or with concomitant oral elacridar. Drug levels were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS:We found that additional deficiency of Abcc4 in Abcb1a/b;Abcg2(-/-) mice significantly increased the brain concentration of all camptothecin analogues by 1.2-fold (gimatecan) to 5.8-fold (SN-38). The presence of Abcb1a/b or Abcc4 alone was sufficient to reduce the brain concentration of SN-38 to the level in WT mice. Strikingly, the brain distribution of gimatecan in brain of WT mice was more than 220- and 40-fold higher than that of SN-38 and topotecan, respectively. CONCLUSION:Abcc4 limits the brain penetration of camptothecin analogues and teams up with Abcb1a/b and Abcg2 to form a robust cooperative drug efflux system. This concerted action limits the usefulness of selective ABC transport inhibitors to enhance drug entry for treatment of intracranial diseases. Our results also suggest that gimatecan might be a better candidate than irinotecan for clinical evaluation against intracranial tumors.
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3105
Neural stem/progenitors and glioma stem-like cells have differential sensitivity to chemotherapy.
Gong Xing,Schwartz Philip H,Linskey Mark E,Bota Daniela A
Neurology
OBJECTIVES:New data suggest that glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) may share common origins. GSCs drive tumor proliferation and appear to be resistant to classic chemotherapy, while the effects of chemotherapy on NSCs are not well studied. As the role of NSCs in learning and memory is increasingly recognized, we need to identify drugs that reduce neurotoxicity but are still effective against glial tumors. METHODS:We treated 3 human NSC cultures and multiple low- and high-grade GSC cultures with the commonly used agents temozolomide (TMZ) and cisplatin (CIS), and with 2 newer, promising drugs: the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) and the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib (ERL). We measured cell survival, proliferation, cell death induction, and drug resistance markers. RESULTS:TMZ decreased NSC viability, while minimally affecting GSCs. TMZ induced NSC death, which was partially compensated for by increased proliferation. CIS had similar effects. The NSC's sensitivity to TMZ and CIS correlated with low expression of the multidrug resistance gene ABCG2, but not of MGMT or MSH1/MLH2. BTZ caused an 80%decrease in GSCs, while minimally affecting NSCs. GSCs had lower proteasome levels and activity after BTZ treatment. ERL treatment also decreased GSC numbers, but not NSC viability, which correlated with low EGFR expression in NSCs compared to GSCs. CONCLUSIONS:Newer chemotherapy agents ERL and BTZ are effective against GSCs yet produce minimal effects on NSCs, while the older drugs TMZ and CIS are more toxic for NSCs than for GSCs. The identification and testing of more selective drugs is clearly warranted.
10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212a89f
Role of ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters in erlotinib CNS penetration and intracellular accumulation.
Elmeliegy Mohamed A,Carcaboso Angel M,Tagen Michael,Bai Feng,Stewart Clinton F
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
PURPOSE:To study the role of drug transporters in central nervous system (CNS) penetration and cellular accumulation of erlotinib and its metabolite, OSI-420. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:After oral erlotinib administration to wild-type and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-knockout mice (Mdr1a/b(-/-), Abcg2(-/-), Mdr1a/b(-/-)Abcg2(-/-), and Abcc4(-/-)), plasma was collected and brain extracellular fluid (ECF) was sampled using intracerebral microdialysis. A pharmacokinetic model was fit to erlotinib and OSI-420 concentration-time data, and brain penetration (P(Brain)) was estimated by the ratio of ECF-to-unbound plasma area under concentration-time curves. Intracellular accumulation of erlotinib was assessed in cells overexpressing human ABC transporters or SLC22A solute carriers. RESULTS:P(Brain) in wild-type mice was 0.27 ± 0.11 and 0.07 ± 0.02 (mean ± SD) for erlotinib and OSI-420, respectively. Erlotinib and OSI-420 P(Brain) in Abcg2(-/-) and Mdr1a/b(-/-)Abcg2(-/-) mice were significantly higher than in wild-type mice. Mdr1a/b(-/-) mice showed similar brain ECF penetration as wild-type mice (0.49 ± 0.37 and 0.04 ± 0.02 for erlotinib and OSI-420, respectively). In vitro, erlotinib and OSI-420 accumulation was significantly lower in cells overexpressing breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) than in control cells. Only OSI-420, not erlotinib, showed lower accumulation in cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) than in control cells. The P-gp/BCRP inhibitor elacridar increased erlotinib and OSI-420 accumulation in BCRP-overexpressing cells. Erlotinib uptake was higher in OAT3- and OCT2-transfected cells than in empty vector control cells. CONCLUSION:Abcg2 is the main efflux transporter preventing erlotinib and OSI-420 penetration in mouse brain. Erlotinib and OSI-420 are substrates for SLC22A family members OAT3 and OCT2. Our findings provide a mechanistic basis for erlotinib CNS penetration, cellular uptake, and efflux mechanisms.
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1934
ABCG2 transports anticancer drugs via a closed-to-open switch.
Orlando Benjamin J,Liao Maofu
Nature communications
ABCG2 is an ABC transporter that extrudes a variety of compounds from cells, and presents an obstacle in treating chemotherapy-resistant cancers. Despite recent structural insights, no anticancer drug bound to ABCG2 has been resolved, and the mechanisms of multidrug transport remain obscure. Such a gap of knowledge limits the development of novel compounds that block or evade this critical molecular pump. Here we present single-particle cryo-EM studies of ABCG2 in the apo state, and bound to the three structurally distinct chemotherapeutics. Without the binding of conformation-selective antibody fragments or inhibitors, the resting ABCG2 adopts a closed conformation. Our cryo-EM, biochemical, and functional analyses reveal the binding mode of three chemotherapeutic compounds, demonstrate how these molecules open the closed conformation of the transporter, and establish that imatinib is particularly effective in stabilizing the inward facing conformation of ABCG2. Together these studies reveal the previously unrecognized conformational cycle of ABCG2.
10.1038/s41467-020-16155-2
Induction of acquired drug resistance in endothelial cells and its involvement in anticancer therapy.
Huang Limin,Perrault Christelle,Coelho-Martins Jennifer,Hu Chaoquan,Dulong Charlène,Varna Mariana,Liu Jielin,Jin Jian,Soria Claudine,Cazin Lionel,Janin Anne,Li Hong,Varin Rémi,Lu He
Journal of hematology & oncology
BACKGROUND:Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major problems in the treatment of cancer. Overcoming it is therefore expected to improve clinical outcomes for cancer patients. MDR is usually characterized by overexpression of ABC (ATP-binding cassette) protein transporters such as P-gp, MRP1, and ABCG2. Though the importance of ABC transporters for cancer cells is recognized, few studies have looked at its implications for the endothelial cells that are essential to tumor angiogenesis. This study investigated the expression and functions of these ABC transporters in endothelial cells in vitro and their potential contribution to cancer growth in mice. METHODS:Human micro vessel endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to increasing doses of Doxorubicin (Dox) to induce ABC gene expression. Cell viability was then quantified by (3)H-thymidine and MTS assay. Flow cytometry, qPCR, and western blot were used to detect mRNA and the protein expression of P-gp, MRP1, and ABCG2. The intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine 123 (Rho) was used to evaluate drug efflux function and the inhibitors for P-gp, ABCG2, and MRP1 were used to verify their respective roles in vitro. In an attempt to evaluate drug resistance in endothelial cells in vivo, athymic mice were treated with Dox for 15 days before a MDA-MB-435 tumor graft to observe subsequent changes in the inhibition curves of tumor growth in response to Dox treatment. Furthermore, endothelial cells from multiple sites in these mice were also isolated to estimate their P-gp expression by flow cytometry. RESULTS:Drug resistance in HMEC-1 and HUVEC was successfully induced by the addition of Dox to the culture media. Two stabilized subcell lines of HMEC1 (HMECd1 and HMECd2) showed 15- and 24-fold increases in resistance. Tests also showed that these induced endothelial cells were cross-resistant to the structurally unrelated drugs Daunorubicin, Vinblastine, and Etoposide. P-gp protein levels increased four and six fold in HMECd1 and HMECd2 as revealed by western blot. The qPCR demonstrated 3.4- and 7.2-fold increases in P-gp, and a slight increase in ABCG2, gene expression. The Rho accumulation within these cells was inversely correlated with the expression levels of P-gp. The inhibitors of P-gp, but not of ABCG2 or MRP1, were able to block the induced endothelial cell resistance to Dox. Furthermore, we also showed that injecting Dox into healthy mice induced an increase in P-gp expression in endothelial cells. Using these pretreated mice in a tumor growth experiment, we observed a dramatic diminution in the therapeutic efficiency of Dox treatment, suggesting implications for drug resistance in mice endothelial cells supporting tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS:ABC transporter expression can be induced in endothelial cells in vitro. This study also indicates that P-gp plays an important role in the acquisition of resistance to Dox in endothelial cells and that this reduces the efficiency of chemotherapy.
10.1186/1756-8722-6-49
Development of precision medicine approaches based on inter-individual variability of BCRP/.
Chen Liming,Manautou Jose E,Rasmussen Theodore P,Zhong Xiao-Bo
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
Precision medicine is a rapidly-developing modality of medicine in human healthcare. Based on each patient׳s unique characteristics, more accurate dosages and drug selection can be made to achieve better therapeutic efficacy and less adverse reactions in precision medicine. A patient׳s individual parameters that affect drug transporter action can be used to develop a precision medicine guidance, due to the fact that therapeutic efficacy and adverse reactions of drugs can both be affected by expression and function of drug transporters on the cell membrane surface. The purpose of this review is to summarize unique characteristics of human breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) and the genetic variability in the BCRP encoded gene in the development of precision medicine. Inter-individual variability of BCRP/ can impact choices and outcomes of drug treatment for several diseases, including cancer chemotherapy. Several factors have been implicated in expression and function of BCRP, including genetic, epigenetic, physiologic, pathologic, and environmental factors. Understanding the roles of these factors in controlling expression and function of BCRP is critical for the development of precision medicine based on BCRP-mediated drug transport.
10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.007
Functional relevance of the multi-drug transporter abcg2 on teriflunomide therapy in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.
Thiele Née Schrewe Lisa,Guse Kirsten,Tietz Silvia,Remlinger Jana,Demir Seray,Pedreiturria Xiomara,Hoepner Robert,Salmen Anke,Pistor Maximilian,Turner Timothy,Engelhardt Britta,Hermann Dirk M,Lühder Fred,Wiese Stefan,Chan Andrew
Journal of neuroinflammation
BACKGROUND:The multi-drug resistance transporter ABCG2, a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, mediates the efflux of different immunotherapeutics used in multiple sclerosis (MS), e.g., teriflunomide (teri), cladribine, and mitoxantrone, across cell membranes and organelles. Hence, the modulation of ABCG2 activity could have potential therapeutic implications in MS. In this study, we aimed at investigating the functional impact of abcg2 modulation on teri-induced effects in vitro and in vivo. METHODS:T cells from C57BL/6 J wild-type (wt) and abcg2-knockout (KO) mice were treated with teri at different concentrations with/without specific abcg2-inhibitors (Ko143; Fumitremorgin C) and analyzed for intracellular teri concentration (HPLC; LS-MS/MS), T cell apoptosis (annexin V/PI), and proliferation (CSFE). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6J by active immunization with MOG/CFA. Teri (10 mg/kg body weight) was given orally once daily after individual disease onset. abcg2-mRNA expression (spinal cord, splenic T cells) was analyzed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS:In vitro, intracellular teri concentration in T cells was 2.5-fold higher in abcg2-KO mice than in wt mice. Teri-induced inhibition of T cell proliferation was two fold increased in abcg2-KO cells compared to wt cells. T cell apoptosis demonstrated analogous results with 3.1-fold increased apoptosis after pharmacological abcg2-inhibition in wt cells. abcg2-mRNA was differentially regulated during different phases of EAE within the central nervous system and peripheral organs. In vivo, at a dosage not efficacious in wt animals, teri treatment ameliorated clinical EAE in abcg2-KO mice which was accompanied by higher spinal cord tissue concentrations of teri. CONCLUSION:Functional relevance of abcg2 modulation on teri effects in vitro and in vivo warrants further investigation as a potential determinant of interindividual treatment response in MS, with potential implications for other immunotherapies.
10.1186/s12974-019-1677-z
New trends for overcoming ABCG2/BCRP-mediated resistance to cancer therapies.
Westover David,Li Fengzhi
Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters make up a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that play a critical role in the development of drug resistance. This phenomenon is especially important in oncology, where superfamily member ABCG2 (also called BCRP - breast cancer resistance protein) is known to interact with dozens of anti-cancer agents that are ABCG2 substrates. In addition to the well-studied and well-reviewed list of cytotoxic and targeted agents that are substrates for the ABCG2 transporter, a growing body of work links ABCG2 to multiple photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents, and there is a limited body of evidence suggesting that ABCG2 may also play a role in resistance to radiation therapy. In addition, the focus of ABC transporter research in regards to therapeutic development has begun to shift in the past few years. The shift has been away from using pump inhibitors for reversing resistance, toward the development of therapeutic agents that are poor substrates for these efflux pump proteins. This approach may result in the development of drug regimens that circumvent ABC transporter-mediated resistance entirely. Here, it is our intention to review: 1) recent discoveries that further characterize the role of ABCG2 in oncology, and 2) advances in reversing and circumventing ABC transporter-mediated resistance to anti-cancer therapies.
10.1186/s13046-015-0275-x
Functions of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in chemotherapy.
Noguchi Kohji,Katayama Kazuhiro,Mitsuhashi Junko,Sugimoto Yoshikazu
Advanced drug delivery reviews
The breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP/ABCG2, is a half-molecule ATP-binding cassette transporter that facilitates the efflux of various anticancer agents from the cell, including 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, topotecan and mitoxantrone. The expression of BCRP can thus confer a multidrug resistance phenotype in cancer cells, and its transporter activity is involved in the in vivo efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, the elucidation of the substrate preferences and structural relationships of BCRP is essential to understanding its in vivo functions during chemotherapeutic treatments. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have also been found to be key factors in determining the efficacy of chemotherapeutics, and those therapeutics that inhibit BCRP activity, such as the SNP that results in a C421A mutant, may result in unexpected side effects of the BCRP- anticancer drugs interaction even at normal dosages. In order to modulate the BCRP activity during chemotherapy, various compounds have been tested as inhibitors of this protein. Estrogenic compounds including estrone, several tamoxifen derivatives in addition to phytoestrogens and flavonoids have been shown to reverse BCRP-mediated drug resistance. Intriguingly, recently developed molecular targeted cancer drugs, such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib mesylate, gefitinib and others, can also interact with BCRP. Since both functional SNPs and inhibitory agents of BCRP modulate the in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of its substrate drugs, BCRP activity is an important consideration in the development of molecular targeted chemotherapeutics.
10.1016/j.addr.2008.07.003
Ribophorin II potentiates P-glycoprotein- and ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance via activating ERK pathway in gastric cancer.
Zhang Hongzhi,Jiang Huijuan,Zhang Huixiang,Liu Juncai,Hu Xigang,Chen Lei
International journal of biological macromolecules
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a critical reason of cancer chemotherapy failure. Ribophorin II (RPN2) has emerged as a vital regulator of MDR in multiple cancers including gastric cancer (GC). However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of RPN2 in MDR have not been well featured till now. The present study aimed to explore the roles and molecular mechanisms of RPN2 in MDR of drug-resistant GC cells. Results showed that the expressions of RPN2, multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1), and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) were upregulated in SGC7901/DDP and SGC7901/VCR cells. Knockdown of RPN2 alleviated MDR through downregulating MDR1 and ABCG2 expressions in SGC7901/DDP and SGC7901/VCR cells. RPN2 depletion inhibited the activation of MEK/ERK pathway. RPN2 overexpression enhanced MDR by upregulating P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ABCG2 protein expressions in SGC7901/DDP or SGC7901/VCR cells, while this effect of RPN2 was abrogated by ERK knockdown or treatment with ERK inhibitor PD98059. Our findings suggested that RPN2 potentiated P-gp- and ABCG2-mediated MDR via activating MEK/ERK pathway in GC, hinting the critical values of RPN2 in ameliorating MDR and providing a promising target for GC therapy.
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.195
The breast cancer resistance protein transporter ABCG2 is expressed in the human kidney proximal tubule apical membrane.
Huls M,Brown C D A,Windass A S,Sayer R,van den Heuvel J J M W,Heemskerk S,Russel F G M,Masereeuw R
Kidney international
The Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is a transporter restricting absorption and enhancing excretion of many compounds including anticancer drugs. This transporter is highly expressed in many tissues; however, in human kidney, only the mRNA was found in contrast to the mouse kidney, where the transporter is abundant. In bcrp/abcg2((-/-)) mice, the expression of two sterol transporter genes, abcg5 and abcg8, was strongly increased in the kidney, perhaps as a compensatory mechanism to upregulate efflux. We found using immunohistochemical analysis clear localization of BCRP/ABCG2 to the proximal tubule brush border membrane of the human kidney comparable to that of other ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein/ABCB1, MRP2/ABCC2, and MRP4/ABCC4. Hoechst 33342 dye efflux from primary human proximal tubule cells was significantly reduced by the BCRP/ABCG2 inhibitors fumitremorgin C and nelfinavir. Our study shows that in addition to other apical ABC transporters, BCRP/ABCG2 may be important in renal drug excretion.
10.1038/sj.ki.5002645
Left atrium of the human adult heart contains a population of side population cells.
Sandstedt Joakim,Jonsson Marianne,Kajic Kristina,Sandstedt Mikael,Lindahl Anders,Dellgren Göran,Jeppsson Anders,Asp Julia
Basic research in cardiology
Cardiac "side population" (SP) cells have previously been found to differentiate into both endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes in mice and rats, but there are no data on SP cells in the human adult heart. Therefore, human cardiac atrial biopsies were dissociated, stained for SP cells and analyzed with FACS. Identified cell populations were analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR and subjected to in vitro differentiation. Only biopsies from the left atrium contained a clearly distinguishable population of SP cells (0.22 ± 0.08%). The SP population was reduced by co-incubation with MDR1 inhibitor Verapamil, while the ABCG2 inhibitor FTC failed to decrease the number of SP cells. When the gene expression was analyzed, SP cells were found to express significantly more MDR1 than non-SP cells. For ABCG2, there was no detectable difference. SP cells also expressed more of the stem cell-associated markers C-KIT and OCT-4 than non-SP cells. On the other hand, no significant difference in the expression of endothelial and cardiac genes could be detected. SP cells were further subdivided based on CD45 expression. The CD45-SP population showed evidence of endothelial commitment at gene expression level. In conclusion, the results show that a SP population of cells is present also in the human adult heart.
10.1007/s00395-012-0255-7
Novel extracellular vesicles mediate an ABCG2-dependent anticancer drug sequestration and resistance.
Ifergan Ilan,Scheffer George L,Assaraf Yehuda G
Cancer research
Overexpression of the multidrug efflux transporter ABCG2 in the plasma membrane of cancer cells confers resistance to various anticancer drugs, including mitoxantrone. Here, we explored the mechanism underlying drug resistance in the MCF-7 breast cancer sublines MCF-7/MR and MCF-7/FLV1000 cells in which wild-type (R482) ABCG2 overexpression is highly confined to cell-cell attachment zones. The latter comprised the membrane of novel extracellular vesicles in which mitoxantrone was rapidly and dramatically sequestered. After 12 hours of incubation with mitoxantrone, the estimated intravesicular drug concentration was approximately 1,000-fold higher than in the culture medium. This drug compartmentalization was prevented by the specific and potent ABCG2 transport inhibitors Ko143 and fumitremorgin C, thereby resulting in restoration of drug sensitivity. Consistently, this intravesicular drug concentration was abrogated by energy deprivation and was restored upon provision of energy substrates. Fine-structure studies corroborated the presence of numerous large extracellular vesicles that were highly confined to cell-cell attachment zones between neighbor cells. Furthermore, high-resolution electron microscopy revealed that the membrane of these extracellular vesicles contained microvilli-like invaginations protruding into the intravesicular lumen. It is likely that these microvilli-like projections increase the vesicular membrane surface, thereby allowing for a more efficient ABCG2-dependent intravesicular anticancer drug concentration. Hence, these novel extracellular vesicles mediate the ABCG2-dependent extraction of intracellular drug, thereby serving as cytotoxic drug disposal chambers shared by multiple neighbor cancer cells. This constitutes a novel modality of anticancer drug resistance.
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2021
Erlotinib (Tarceva, OSI-774) antagonizes ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2-mediated drug resistance.
Shi Zhi,Peng Xing-Xiang,Kim In-Wha,Shukla Suneet,Si Qiu-Sheng,Robey Robert W,Bates Susan E,Shen Tong,Ashby Charles R,Fu Li-Wu,Ambudkar Suresh V,Chen Zhe-Sheng
Cancer research
It has been reported that gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has the ability to modulate the function of certain ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and to reverse ABC subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1; P-glycoprotein)- and ABC subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2; breast cancer resistance protein/mitoxantrone resistance protein)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. However, it is unknown whether other EGFR TKIs have effects similar to that of gefitinib. In the present study, we have investigated the interaction of another EGFR TKI, erlotinib, with selected ABC drug transporters. Our findings show that erlotinib significantly potentiated the sensitivity of established ABCB1 or ABCG2 substrates and increased the accumulation of paclitaxel or mitoxantrone in ABCB1- or ABCG2-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, erlotinib did not significantly alter the sensitivity of non-ABCB1 or non-ABCG2 substrates in all cells and was unable to reverse MRP1-mediated MDR and had no effect on the parental cells. However, erlotinib remarkably inhibited the transport of E(2)17 beta G and methotrexate by ABCG2. In addition, the results of ATPase assays show that erlotinib stimulated the ATPase activity of both ABCB1 and ABCG2. Interestingly, erlotinib slightly inhibited the photolabeling of ABCB1 with [(125)I]iodoarylazidoprazosin (IAAP) at high concentration, but it did not inhibit the photolabeling of ABCG2 with IAAP. Overall, we conclude that erlotinib reverses ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR in cancer cells through direct inhibition of the drug efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2. These findings may be useful for cancer combinational therapy with erlotinib in the clinic.
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2686
Functional SNPs of the breast cancer resistance protein-therapeutic effects and inhibitor development.
Yanase Kae,Tsukahara Satomi,Mitsuhashi Junko,Sugimoto Yoshikazu
Cancer letters
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a half-molecule ATP-binding cassette transporter that pumps out various anticancer agents such as 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, topotecan and mitoxantrone. We have previously identified three polymorphisms within the BCRP gene, G34A (substituting Met for Val-12), C376T (substituting a stop codon for Gln-126) and C421A (substituting Lys for Gln-141). C421A BCRP-transfected murine fibroblast PA317 cells showed markedly decreased protein expression and low-level drug resistance when compared with wild-type BCRP-transfected cells. In contrast, G34A BCRP-transfected PA317 cells showed a similar protein expression and drug resistance profile to wild-type. The C376T polymorphism would be expected to have a considerable impact as active BCRP protein will not be expressed from a T376 allele. Hence, people with C376T and/or C421A polymorphisms may express low levels of BCRP, resulting in hypersensitivity of normal cells to BCRP-substrate anticancer agents. Estrogens, estrone and 17beta-estradiol, were previously found to restore drug sensitivity levels in BCRP-transduced cells by increasing the cellular accumulation of anticancer agents. BCRP transports sulfated estrogens but not free estrogens and in a series of screening experiments for synthesized and natural estrogenic compounds, several tamoxifen derivatives and phytoestrogens/flavonoids were identified that effectively circumvent BCRP-mediated drug resistance. The kinase inhibitors gefitinib and imatinib mesylate also interact with BCRP. Gefitinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase, inhibits its transporter function and reverses BCRP-mediated drug resistance both in vitro and in vivo. BCRP-transfected human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells and BCRP-transfected human non-small cell lung cancer PC-9 cells show gefitinib resistance. Imatinib, an inhibitor of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, also inhibits BCRP-mediated drug transport. Hence, both functional SNPs and inhibitors of BCRP reduce its transporter function and thus modulate substrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.039
Expression, up-regulation, and transport activity of the multidrug-resistance protein Abcg2 at the mouse blood-brain barrier.
Cisternino Salvatore,Mercier Claire,Bourasset Fanchon,Roux Françoise,Scherrmann Jean-Michel
Cancer research
The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is, like P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ABC family of drug transporters. These proteins actively transport various anticancer drugs from cells, causing multidrug resistance. The physiological expression of P-gp/ABCB1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively restricts the brain uptake of many antitumor drugs by mediating their active efflux from the brain to the blood vessel lumen. However, little is known about the function of Abcg2 at the BBB in vivo. We used in situ brain perfusion to measure the uptake of two known Abcg2 substrates, prazosin and mitoxantrone, and the nonsubstrate vinblastine by the brains of wild-type and P-gp-deficient mutant mdr1a(-/-) mice with or without the P-gp/Abcg2 inhibitor GF120918 or the P-gp inhibitor PSC833. P-gp had no effect on the brain transport of prazosin and mitoxantrone at the mouse BBB, but wild-type and P-gp-deficient mouse brains perfused with GF120918 or a high concentration of prazosin showed carrier-mediated effluxes of prazosin and mitoxantrone from the brain that did not involve P-gp. In contrast, the brain uptake of vinblastine was restricted only by P-gp and not by Abcg2 at the BBB. The amounts of abcg2 mRNA in cortex homogenates and capillary-enriched fractions of wild-type and mdr1a(-/-) mouse brains were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. There was approximately 700-times more abcg2 mRNA in brain microvessels than in the cortex of the wild-type mice, confirming that Abcg2 plays an important role at the BBB. There was also approximately 3 times more abcg2 mRNA in the microvessels from P-gp-deficient mutant mouse brains than in the microvessels of wild-type mouse brains. These findings confirm that Abcg2 is a physiological transporter at the BBB that restricts the permeability of the brain to its substrates in vivo. Lastly, the defective P-gp in the mutant mdr1a(-/-) mice was associated with increased abcg2 mRNA at the BBB and a greater export of prazosin and mitoxantrone from the brain, as measured in the P-gp-deficient mice versus the wild-type mice.
10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2033
Genetic factors affecting statin concentrations and subsequent myopathy: a HuGENet systematic review.
Canestaro William J,Austin Melissa A,Thummel Kenneth E
Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have proven efficacy in both lowering low-density-lipoprotein levels and preventing major coronary events, making them one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. Statins exhibit a class-wide side effect of muscle toxicity and weakness, which has led regulators to impose both dosage limitations and a recall. This review focuses on the best-characterized genetic factors associated with increased statin muscle concentrations, including the genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5), a mitochondrial enzyme (GATM), an influx transporter (SLCO1B1), and efflux transporters (ABCB1 and ABCG2). A systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant research evaluating the significance of genetic variants predictive of altered statin concentrations and subsequent statin-related myopathy. Studies eligible for inclusion must have incorporated genotype information and must have associated it with some measure of myopathy, either creatine kinase levels or self-reported muscle aches and pains. After an initial review, focus was placed on seven genes that were adequately characterized to provide a substantive review: CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, GATM, SLCO1B1, ABCB1, and ABCG2. All statins were included in this review. Among the genetic factors evaluated, statin-related myopathy appears to be most strongly associated with variants in SLCO1B1.
10.1038/gim.2014.41
Rationally Screened and Designed ABCG2-Binding Aptamers for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells and Reversing Multidrug Resistance.
Analytical chemistry
The ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, isoform 2 protein (ABCG2), as an important member of ABC transporters, plays a key role in multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer and has been widely considered as a marker of cancer stem cells (CSC). Reagents capable of simultaneously targeting ABCG2 and reversing MDR have great clinical application values, but their development is highly challenging. Herein, ABCG2 glycosylated extracellular region-binding aptamers were efficiently screened by a cladded molecularly imprinted polymer (cMIP)-based in vitro screening method and further rationally engineered into cyclic bivalent aptamers. Experiments showed that both the monovalent and cyclic bivalent aptamers could specifically bind ABCG2 and thereby specially target CSC of human colorectal carcinomas (CoCSC), while the latter could effectively reverse MDR in drug-resistant liver cancer cells (HepG2/ADR). Different from currently predominant small molecule inhibitors, the reversal of MDR relied on a different mechanism; the cyclic bivalent aptamers bound the two monomers of ABCG2 dimers simultaneously and thereby blocked the ABCG2-mediated drug-pumping channel, resulting in increased intracellular accumulation of substrate drugs. This study opened a new access to the development of affinity reagents for targeting CSC and reversing MDR, holding great prospects in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00863
The expression of efflux and uptake transporters are regulated by statins in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells.
Rodrigues Alice Cristina,Curi Rui,Genvigir Fabiana Dalla Vecchia,Hirata Mario Hiroyuki,Hirata Rosario Dominguez Crespo
Acta pharmacologica Sinica
AIM:Statin disposition and response are greatly determined by the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes and efflux/ uptake transporters. There is little information on the regulation of these proteins in human cells after statin therapy. In this study, the effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on mRNA expression of efflux (ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC2) and uptake (SLCO1B1, SLCO2B1 and SLC22A1) drug transporters in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells were investigated. METHODS:Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA levels after exposure of HepG2 and Caco-2 cells to statins. RESULTS:Differences in mRNA basal levels of the transporters were as follows: ABCC2>ABCG2>ABCB1>SLCO1B1>>>SLC22A1>SLC O2B1 for HepG2 cells, and SLCO2B1>>ABCC2>ABCB1>ABCG2>>>SLC22A1 for Caco-2 cells. While for HepG2 cells, ABCC2, ABCG2 and SLCO2B1 mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated at 1, 10 and 20 micromol/L after 12 or 24 h treatment, in Caco-2 cells, only the efflux transporter ABCB1 was significantly down-regulated by two-fold following a 12 h treatment with atorvastatin. Interestingly, whereas treatment with simvastatin had no effect on mRNA levels of the transporters in HepG2 cells, in Caco-2 cells the statin significantly down-regulated ABCB1, ABCC2, SLC22A1, and SLCO2B1 mRNA levels after 12 or 24 h treatment. CONCLUSION:These findings reveal that statins exhibits differential effects on mRNA expression of drug transporters, and this effect depends on the cell type. Furthermore, alterations in the expression levels of drug transporters in the liver and/or intestine may contribute to the variability in oral disposition of statins.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 956-964; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.85; published online 22 June 2009.
10.1038/aps.2009.85
Nilotinib potentiates anticancer drug sensitivity in murine ABCB1-, ABCG2-, and ABCC10-multidrug resistance xenograft models.
Tiwari Amit K,Sodani Kamlesh,Dai Chun-Ling,Abuznait Alaa H,Singh Satyakam,Xiao Zhi-Jie,Patel Atish,Talele Tanaji T,Fu Liwu,Kaddoumi Amal,Gallo James M,Chen Zhe-Sheng
Cancer letters
A panel of clinically used tyrosine kinase inhibitors were compared and nilotinib was found to most potently sensitize specific anticancer agents by blocking the functions of ABCB1/P-glycoprotein, ABCG2/BCRP and ABCC10/MRP7 transporters involved in multi-drug resistance. Nilotinib appreciably enhanced the antitumor response of (1) paclitaxel in the ABCB1- and novel ABCC10-xenograft models, and (2) doxorubicin in a novel ABCG2-xenograft model. With no apparent toxicity observed in the above models, nilotinib attenuated tumor growth synergistically and increased paclitaxel concentrations in ABCB1-overexpressing tumors. The beneficial actions of nilotinib warrant consideration as viable combinations in the clinic with agents that suffer from MDR-mediated insensitivity.
10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.001
Diosmetin Maintains Barrier Integrity by Reducing the Expression of ABCG2 in Colonic Epithelial Cells.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
Crohn's disease (CD) is a relapsing and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Recent advances have highlighted that dysfunction of the barrier function formed by a polarized monolayer of columnar epithelial cells plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of CD. At present, we reported that diosmetin increased cell viability by reducing the levels of TNFα and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated colonic epithelial Caco-2 cells. Meanwhile, diosmetin conferred a direct effect on maintaining barrier integrity by reducing epithelial permeability and increasing the expression of proteins associated with tight junctions, including zonula occludens-l (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1, in LPS-treated Caco-2 cells and in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced CD mice. Additionally, diosmetin decreased the protein content of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette efflux transporter G2 (ABCG2) and . Over-expression of ABCG2 had an important impact on the epithelial permeability and barrier-related protein levels induced by LPS in Caco-2 cells. At the same time, Ko143, a specific ABCG2 inhibitor, dramatically enhanced the role of diosmetin in ZO-1 and occludin proteins in LPS-treated Caco-2 cells. Mechanically, diosmetin significantly attenuated the role of LPS in the phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) in Caco-2 cells. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C obviously prevented the effect of diosmetin on ZO-1 and occludin expression in LPS-treated Caco-2 cells. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that AMPK/AKT/CREB-mediated ABCG2 expression plays a crucial role in diosmetin, improving the barrier dysfunction in CD.
10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00912
Identification of novel dietary phytochemicals inhibiting the efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2).
Tan Kee W,Li Yan,Paxton James W,Birch Nigel P,Scheepens Arjan
Food chemistry
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) plays an important role in determining the absorption and disposition of consumed xenobiotics including various drugs and dietary phytochemicals and is also one of the prominent efflux transporters involved in multidrug resistance (MDR). In this study, we have investigated the interactions between ABCG2 and 56 naturally-occurring phytochemicals including phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes and other common dietary phytochemicals, as well as two non plant-based compounds (hippuric acid and propyl gallate) using cell- and membrane-based transport inhibition assays. Of the non-flavonoid phytochemicals tested, berberine, celastrol, ellagic acid, limonin, oleanolic acid, propyl gallate, sinapic acid and ursolic acid demonstrated significant inhibition of ABCG2-mediated transport. Chrysoeriol, laricitrin, myricetin 3',4',5'-trimethylether, pinocembrin, quercitrin, tamarixetin, tricetin and tricetin 3',4',5'-trimethylether were also identified as novel flavonoid ABCG2 inhibitors. The identified inhibitory activity of dietary phytochemicals on ABCG2 provides a framework for further investigation of ABCG2-modulated phytochemical bioavailability, MDR, and possible food-drug interactions.
10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.021
Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid and DNA damage: unravelling roles of p53 and ABCG2.
Postiglione I,Barra F,Aloj S M,Palumbo G
Cell proliferation
OBJECTIVES:In spite of high sensitivity of A549 cells (p53(+/+) ) to lethal effects of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA/PDT), DNA damage was observed only in H1299 cells (p53(-/-) ), suggesting that p53 may exert a protective effect. Studies on human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines HCT-116, and their cognate knockouts for p53, were not entirely consistent with the assumption above. Exploring alternative explanations for such conflicting behaviour, we observed that expression of the ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2), a regulator of cell component efflux, had important effects on PDT-generated DNA injury in PC3 cells (prostate) which are p53(-/-) and positive for ABCG2. Addition of an ABCG2 inhibitor in ABCG2 positive A549 (p53(+/+) ) and PC3 (p53(-/-) ) cells eliminated resistance to DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS:All cell lines investigated were incubated with 5-ALA and irradiated. Effects of PDT were evaluated assessing residual cell viability, cell-cycle profiles, PpIX localization, comet assay and Western blotting. Identical measurements were made in the presence of ABCG2 inhibitor, in cells expressing the transporter. RESULTS:Our data show that cell aptitude to defend its DNA from PDT-induced injury was mainly ruled by ABCG2 expression. These findings, while providing helpful information in predicting effectiveness of 5-ALA/PDT, may indicate a way to shift PDT from a palliative to a more effective approach in anti-cancer therapy.
10.1111/cpr.12274
ABCG2 expression and side population abundance regulated by a transforming growth factor beta-directed epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
Yin Liqun,Castagnino Paola,Assoian Richard K
Cancer research
We describe here the regulation of ABCG2 expression and side population (SP) abundance in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. The level of ABCG2 mRNA and protein were increased in purified MCF7 SP relative to non-SP cells, and incubation with an ABCG2-specific inhibitor or ABCG2 short interfering RNA eliminated the MCF7 SP. The purified MCF7 SP could generate a heterogeneous population containing both SP and non-SP cells in culture. In vivo tumorigenicity experiments showed that the purified MCF7 SP has an increased ability to colonize the mouse mammary gland. Importantly, the MCF7 SP was depleted by a transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)-directed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and this effect was associated with a strong down-regulation of ABCG2 gene expression, and an increased sensitivity to mitoxantrone. ABCG2 expression and SP abundance were restored upon the removal of transforming growth factor-beta and reversion of the cells to an epithelial phenotype. Knock-down of E-cadherin also reduced SP abundance, but this effect was not accompanied by the loss of ABCG2 mRNA or protein. We conclude that ABCG2 expression in MCF7 cells is regulated during an EMT, and that the EMT effect reflects posttranslational regulation of ABCG2 function by E-cadherin as well as transcriptional repression of the ABCG2 gene.
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2545
Perspectives on drug repurposing to overcome cancer multidrug resistance mediated by ABCB1 and ABCG2.
Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy
The overexpression of the human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in cancer cells is a common mechanism involved in developing multidrug resistance (MDR). Unfortunately, there are currently no approved drugs specifically designed to treat multidrug-resistant cancers, making MDR a significant obstacle to successful chemotherapy. Despite over two decades of research, developing transporter-specific inhibitors for clinical use has proven to be a challenging endeavor. As an alternative approach, drug repurposing has gained traction as a more practical method to discover clinically effective modulators of drug transporters. This involves exploring new indications for already-approved drugs, bypassing the lengthy process of developing novel synthetic inhibitors. In this context, we will discuss the mechanisms of ABC drug transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2, their roles in cancer MDR, and the inhibitors that have been evaluated for their potential to reverse MDR mediated by these drug transporters. Our focus will be on providing an up-to-date report on approved drugs tested for their inhibitory activities against these drug efflux pumps. Lastly, we will explore the challenges and prospects of repurposing already approved medications for clinical use to overcome chemoresistance in patients with high tumor expression of ABCB1 and/or ABCG2.
10.1016/j.drup.2023.101011