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Salivary Iron (Fe) Ion Levels, Serum Markers of Anemia and Caries Activity in Pregnant Women. Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia  Anemia is a very frequent event among pregnant women. There are evidences of differences in the incidence of dental caries between pregnant and non-pregnant women, but the relationship between salivary iron (Fe) and serum markers of anemia and caries development has not been investigated.  To evaluate the correlation between salivary (Fe) and serum iron (Fe, ferritin and hemoglobin) parameters in pregnant women with the development of dental caries.  A prospective cohort was conducted with 59 women. The outcome of interest was represented by new dental caries lesions during pregnancy, using the Nyvad criteria. Pregnant women were evaluated at three clinical times: up to the 16th week of gestational age (GA) (T1), in the last trimester of pregnancy (T2), and postpartum (T3), at the Mother and Child Unit of University Hospital of the Universidade Federal do Maranhão. A stimulated saliva sample was collected for biochemical analysis of salivary Fe, and a blood sample was collected early in the morning. The correlation between salivary and serum Fe was evaluated through the Pearson correlation test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis were used to compare the means of anemia parameters at different times. The Student's and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the anemia parameters between the groups of pregnant women (with and without new caries lesions).  Serum Fe concentrations were higher in the first trimester of pregnancy and lower after delivery ( = 0.036). It was also observed that the ferritin concentrations were higher in the first trimester and lower at the end of gestation ( = 0.011). There was no association between the expositions of salivary iron and anemia, and the development of dental caries. There was a positive correlation between serum Fe in T1 and salivary Fe in T2 ( < 0.05).  The serum markers of anemia were more prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy. 10.1055/s-0037-1599217
Iron and ferritin levels in saliva of patients with thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia. Canatan Duran,Akdeniz Sevgi Kosaci Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases Most of the techniques for measuring iron stores such as serum iron concentration, iron binding capacity, serum ferritin level, liver biopsy can be troublesome or invasive for patients with thalassemia. The salivary iron measurement could be of potential advantage being an easy and non invasive approach for diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron overload . The aim of this study was to compare the levels of iron and ferritin in saliva and serum of patients affected by thalassemia or iron deficiency anemia. For this purpose, 96 patients with iron overload (71 with thalassemia major, 10 with thalassemia intermedia and 15 with thalassemia trait), 30 patients with iron deficiency anemia, and 35 healthy children as control group were involved in this study. Their saliva and serum iron and ferritin levels were measured. Iron and ferritin levels were higher in iron overload groups than in control group and lower in iron deficiency group (p<0.05). Furthermore serum and saliva iron and ferritin levels paralleled in all groups. In conclusion, iron and ferritin saliva can be routinely used for diagnosis of both iron overload and deficiency; furthermore this procedure may be an important advantage for blood donors being easily available and not invasive. 10.4084/MJHID.2012.051
Targeting fetal hemoglobin expression to treat β hemoglobinopathies. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets INTRODUCTION:Sickle cell disease and β thalassemia are the principal β hemoglobinopathies. The complex pathophysiology of sickle cell disease is initiated by sickle hemoglobin polymerization. In β thalassemia, insufficient β-globin synthesis results in excessive free α globin, ineffective erythropoiesis, and severe anemia. Feta hemoglobin (HbF) prevents sickle hemoglobin polymerization; in β thalassemia HbF compensates for the deficit of normal hemoglobin. When HbF constitutes about a third of total cell hemoglobin, the complications of sickle cell disease are nearly totally prevented. Similarly, sufficient HbF in β thalassemia diminishes or prevents ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis. AREAS COVERED:This article examines the pathophysiology of β hemoglobinopathies, the physiology of HbF, intracellular distribution, and the regulation of HbF expression. Inducing high levels of HbF by targeting its regulatory pathways pharmacologically or with cell-based therapeutics provides major clinical benefit and perhaps a 'cure.' EXPERT OPINION:Erythrocytes must contain about 10 pg of HbF to 'cure' sickle cell disease. If HbF is the only hemoglobin present, much higher levels are needed to 'cure' β thalassemia. These levels of HbF can be obtained by different iterations of gene therapy. Small molecule drugs that can achieve even modest pancellular HbF concentrations are a major unmet need. 10.1080/14728222.2022.2066519
Comparison of Phosphatidylserine-Exposing Red Blood Cells, Fragmented Red Blood Cells and Red Blood Cell-Derived Microparticles in β-Thalassemia/HbE Patients. Noulsri Egarit,Ardsiri Sakkarin,Lerdwana Surada,Pattanapanyasat Kovit Laboratory medicine OBJECTIVE:To determine the number and intensity of phosphatidylserine (PS) expression of the red blood cells (RBCs), fragmented RBCs, and RBC-derived microparticles (RMPs) in patients with β-thalassemia/hemoglobin (Hb)E. METHODS:We used flow cytometry to determine the number and levels of PS expression. RESULTS:The number of PS-exposing RBCs was statistically significantly higher (P <.001) than that of PS-exposing fragmented RBCs or RMPs. In contrast, the intensity of PS expression was significantly higher (P <.001) in RMPs than in RBCs or fragmented RBCs. Our study showed a trend of association between RBC distribution width (RDW) and both the number of fragmented RBCs and RMPs and their intensity of PS expression. CONCLUSION:In β-thalassemia/HbE, PS-exposing RBCs, fragmented RBCs, and RMPs all differed in their numbers and their intensity of PS expression. The effects of these differences among PS-exposing populations on the pathophysiology of the disease require further investigation. 10.1093/labmed/lmy039
The Post-Storage Performance of RBCs from Beta-Thalassemia Trait Donors Is Related to Their Storability Profile. International journal of molecular sciences Blood donors with beta-thalassemia traits (βThal) have proven to be good "storers", since their stored RBCs are resistant to lysis and resilient against oxidative/proteotoxic stress. To examine the performance of these RBCs post-storage, stored βThal and control RBCs were reconstituted in plasma donated from transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemic patients and healthy controls, and incubated for 24 h at body temperature. Several physiological parameters, including hemolysis, were evaluated. Moreover, labeled fresh/stored RBCs from the two groups were transfused in mice to assess 24 h recovery. All hemolysis metrics were better in the group of heterozygotes and distinguished them against controls in the plasma environment. The reconstituted βThal samples also presented higher proteasome activity and fewer procoagulant extracellular vesicles. Transfusion to mice demonstrated that βThal RBCs present a marginal trend for higher recovery, regardless of the recipient's immune background and the RBC storage age. According to correlation analysis, several of these advantageous post-storage characteristics are related to storage phenotypes, like the cytoskeleton composition, low cellular fragility, and enhanced membrane proteostasis that characterize stored βThal RBCs. Overall, it seems that the intrinsic physiology of βThal RBCs benefits them in conditions mimicking a recipient environment, and in the circulation of animal models; findings that warrant validation in clinical trials. 10.3390/ijms222212281
Differential proteomic patterns of plasma extracellular vesicles show potential to discriminate β-thalassemia subtypes. iScience The observed specificity of β-thalassemia-subtype phenotypes makes new diagnostic strategies that complement current screening methods necessary to determine each subtype and facilitate therapeutic regimens for different patients. Here, we performed quantitative proteomics of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) of β-thalassemia major (TM) patients, β-thalassemia intermedia (TI) patients, and healthy controls to explore subgroup characteristics and potential biomarkers. Plasma quantitative proteomics among the same cohorts were analyzed in parallel to compare the biomarker potential of both specimens. EV proteomics showed significantly more abnormalities in immunity and lipid metabolism in TI and TM, respectively. The differential proteomic patterns of EVs were consistent with but more striking than those of plasma. Notably, we also found EV proteins to have a superior performance for discriminating β-thalassemia subtypes. These findings allowed us to propose a diagnostic model consisting of five proteins in EVs with subtyping potential, demonstrating the ability of plasma-derived EVs for the diagnosis of β-thalassemia patients. 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106048
Elevated levels of platelet- and red cell-derived extracellular vesicles in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia/HbE patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Manakeng Kanchana,Prasertphol Phongsak,Phongpao Kunwadee,Chuncharunee Suporn,Tanyong Dalina,Worawichawong Suchin,Svasti Saovaros,Chaichompoo Pornthip Annals of hematology Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious complication in β-thalassemia. The mechanism of PAH development is believed to be through chronic platelet activation and red cell (RBC) membrane abnormality contributing to a hypercoagulable state and thrombosis, which consequently leads to the development of PAH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed from the plasma membrane of platelets and RBCs are found to be associated with thrombotic risk. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of phosphatidylserine (PS)-bearing cells and EVs in accelerating the progression of the hypercoagulable state in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) patients. Fresh whole blood samples from splenectomized TDT-β-thalassemia/HbE patients (11 with PAH and 14 without PAH) and 15 normal subjects were analyzed for platelet activation by measuring P-selectin expression using flow cytometry and the number of dense granular using an electron microscope. The amounts of PS-bearing RBCs, large RBC-EVs, platelets, and medium EVs were determined by flow cytometry. Platelet activation in PAH patients was not significantly different from other groups; however, the amounts of PS-bearing large RBC-EVs, platelets, and medium platelet-derived EVs were significantly increased in PAH patients as compared to normal subjects, but they were not different from patients without PAH. This could be affected by antiplatelet therapy that reduced the levels of platelet activation and the amount of PS-bearing cells, including EVs, in PAH patients as well as in patients without PAH. 10.1007/s00277-018-3518-z
The Redox Balance and Membrane Shedding in RBC Production, Maturation, and Senescence. Fibach Eitan Frontiers in physiology Membrane shedding in the form of extracellular vesicles plays a key role in normal physiology and pathology. Partial disturbance of the membrane-cytoskeleton linkage and increased in the intracellular Ca content are considered to be mechanisms underlying the process, but it is questionable whether they constitute the primary initiating steps. Homeostasis of the redox system, which depends on the equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants, is crucial for many cellular processes. Excess oxidative power results in oxidative stress, which affects many cellular components, including the membrane. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress indirectly affects membrane shedding most probably by affecting the membrane-cytoskeleton and the Ca content. In red blood cells (RBCs), changes in both the redox system and membrane shedding occur throughout their life-from birth-their production in the bone marrow, to death-aging in the peripheral blood and removal by macrophages in sites of the reticuloendothelial system. Both oxidative stress and membrane shedding are disturbed in diseases affecting the RBC, such as the hereditary and acquired hemolytic anemias (i.e., thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia). Herein, I review some data-based and hypothetical possibilities that await experimental confirmation regarding some aspects of the interaction between the redox system and membrane shedding and its role in the normal physiology and pathology of RBCs. 10.3389/fphys.2021.604738
Placenta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pregnancy Complications and Prospects on a Liquid Biopsy for Hemoglobin Bart's Disease. International journal of molecular sciences Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scaled vesicles released from all cell types into extracellular fluids and specifically contain signature molecules of the original cells and tissues, including the placenta. Placenta-derived EVs can be detected in maternal circulation at as early as six weeks of gestation, and their release can be triggered by the oxygen level and glucose concentration. Placental-associated complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and gestational diabetes have alterations in placenta-derived EVs in maternal plasma, and this can be used as a liquid biopsy for the diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring of such pregnancy complications. Alpha-thalassemia major ("homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1") or hemoglobin Bart's disease is the most severe form of thalassemia disease, and this condition is lethal for the fetus. Women with Bart's hydrops fetalis demonstrate signs of placental hypoxia and placentomegaly, thereby placenta-derived EVs provide an opportunity for a non-invasive liquid biopsy of this lethal condition. In this article, we introduced clinical features and current diagnostic markers of Bart's hydrops fetalis, extensively summarize the characteristics and biology of placenta-derived EVs, and discuss the challenges and opportunities of placenta-derived EVs as part of diagnostic tests for placental complications focusing on Bart's hydrop fetalis. 10.3390/ijms24065658
An update on recent studies of extracellular vesicles and their role in hypercoagulability in thalassemia (Review). Biomedical reports Thromboembolic events are a significant clinical concern in thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies, highlighting the need for new strategies to treat and detect these specific hematologic complications. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered interest due to their role in cell-to-cell communication, including angiogenesis, immune responses and coagulation activation. Their multifaceted role depends on the cellular origin and cargo, making them potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. The present review highlights recent advances in understanding the involvement of EVs in hypercoagulability in thalassemia, the characterization of circulating EVs and the potential for using EVs as predictive biomarkers. β-Thalassemia intermedia exhibits a high incidence of thromboembolic events, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Advanced technologies have enabled the profiling and characterization of circulating EVs in patients with β-thalassemia through various techniques, including flow cytometry, proteomic studies, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot analysis. Microparticles from splenectomized β-thalassemia/hemoglobin E patients induce platelet activation and aggregation, potentially contributing to thrombus formation. The abundance of these microparticles, primarily released from platelets and damaged red cells, may have a role in thromboembolic events and other clinical complications in thalassemia. This suggests a promising future for EVs as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in thalassemia management. 10.3892/br.2023.1719
Impaired bone marrow microenvironment and stem cells in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. Zhou Xiaoya,Huang Li,Wu Jieying,Qu Yuhua,Jiang Hua,Zhang Jinqiu,Qiu SiYuan,Liao Can,Xu Xiang,Xia Jianchuan,Lian Qizhou Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie Beta-thalassemia (BT) is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin synthesis with consequent ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with thalassemia major are dependent on long-term blood transfusions with associated long-term complications such as iron overload (IO). This excess iron can result in tissue damage, impaired organ function, and increased morbidity. Growing evidence has demonstrated that IO contributes to impairment of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment that largely impacts the function of BM mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and endothelial cells. In this article, we review recent progress in the understanding of iron metabolism and the perniciousness induced by IO. We highlight the importance of understanding the cross-talk between BM stem cells and the BM microenvironment, particularly the pathological effect of IO on BM stem cells and BT-associated complications. We also provide an update on recent novel therapies to cure transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia and iron overload-induced complications for their future clinical application. 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112548
Management of transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT): Expert insights and practical overview from the Middle East. Blood reviews β-Thalassemia is one of the most common monogenetic diseases worldwide, with a particularly high prevalence in the Middle East region. As such, we have developed long-standing experience with disease management and devising solutions to address challenges attributed to resource limitations. The region has also participated in the majority of clinical trials and development programs of iron chelators and more novel ineffective erythropoiesis-targeted therapy. In this review, we provide a practical overview of management for patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia, primarily driven by such experiences, with the aim of transferring knowledge to colleagues in other regions facing similar challenges. 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101138
Recent Progress in Gene Therapy and Other Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Beta Thalassemia. Hamed Eman M,Meabed Mohamed Hussein,Aly Usama Farghaly,Hussein Raghda R S Current drug targets Beta-thalassemia is a genetic disorder characterized by the impaired synthesis of the betaglobin chain of adult hemoglobin. The disorder has a complex pathophysiology that affects multiple organ systems. The main complications of beta thalassemia are ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic hemolytic anemia and hemosiderosis-induced organ dysfunction. Regular blood transfusions are the main therapy for beta thalassemia major; however, this treatment can cause cardiac and hepatic hemosiderosis - the most common cause of death in these patients. This review focuses on unique future therapeutic interventions for thalassemia that reverse splenomegaly, reduce transfusion frequency, decrease iron toxicity in organs, and correct chronic anemia. The targeted effective protocols include hemoglobin fetal inducers, ineffective erythropoiesis correctors, antioxidants, vitamins, and natural products. Resveratrol is a new herbal therapeutic approach which serves as fetal Hb inducer in beta thalassemia. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative therapy for beta thalassemia major and is preferred over iron chelation and blood transfusion for ensuring long life in these patients. Meanwhile, several molecular therapies, such as ActRIIB/IgG1 Fc recombinant protein, have emerged to address complications of beta thalassemia or the adverse effects of current drugs. Regarding gene correction strategies, a phase III trial called HGB-207 (Northstar-2; NCT02906202) is evaluating the efficacy and safety of autologous cell transplantation with LentiGlobin. Advanced gene-editing approaches aim to cut DNA at a targeted site and convert HbF to HbA during infancy, such as the suppression of BCL11A (B cell lymphoma 11A), HPFH (hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin) and zinc-finger nucleases. Gene therapy is progressing rapidly, with multiple clinical trials being conducted in many countries and the promise of commercial products to be available in the near future. 10.2174/1389450120666190726155733
Molecular Epidemiology and Hematologic Characterization of Thalassemia in Guangdong Province, Southern China. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis About 2% of the population in the world are carriers of the thalassemia gene. Thalassemia is highly prevalent in Southern China, and traditional clinical testing methods would cause missed diagnosis of partial static thalassemia. Here, we reviewed and summarized a set of simple and clinically feasible thalassemia detection protocols adopted by the Prenatal Diagnosis and Reproductive Center of our hospital. From January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020, 31 512 peripheral blood samples and 3828 prenatal samples were collected in our study. All the peripheral blood samples were performed through thalassemia screening by routine blood tests and hemoglobin electrophoresis and gene detection. The prenatal diagnosis would be implemented for the fetus if the parents were carriers of the same type of thalassemia. A total of 6137 (19.48%) cases were diagnosed as thalassemia, in which 4749 (15.07%) were α-thalassemia, 1196 (3.80%) were β-thalassemia and 192 (0.61%) were co-inheritance of α- and β-thalassemia. For prenatal samples, 3160 (82.55%) cases were diagnosed as thalassemia, in which 2021 (52.80%) were α-thalassemia, 997 (26.05%) were β-thalassemia and 142 (3.71%) were co-inheritance of α- and β-thalassemia. In addition, we also found five novel mutations, including NC_000016.9:g.223681-227492del3812; HBA1: c.301-31_301-24delCTCGGCCCinsG; HBA2: c.95+7C>T for α-thalassemia and HBB: c.263_276delCACTGAGTGAGCTG; HBB: c.315+143G>A for β-thalassemia. The present study updates the epidemiological characteristics and mutation spectrum of thalassemia in Southern China and demonstrated five novel mutations. Our research provides a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment, prenatal diagnosis, or reproductive genetic counseling for patients with thalassemia in Guangdong. 10.1177/10760296221119807
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stature Growth Complications in β-thalassemia Major Patients. Annals of global health Background:Blood transfusion is a traditional treatment for β-thalassemia (β-thal) that improves the patients' anemia and lifespan, but it may lead to iron overload in parenchymal tissue organs and endocrine glands that cause their dysfunctions as the iron regulatory system can't excrete excess iron from the bloodstream. Objective:To evaluate the prevalence of iron-related complications (short stature, growth retardation, and growth hormone deficiency) in β-thalassemia major (TM) patients. Methods:We performed an electronic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to evaluate the prevalence of growth hormone impairment in β-thalassemia major (TM) patients worldwide. Qualities of eligible studies were assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for the prevalence study. We used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) to calculate the event rate with 95% CIs, using a random-effects model for all analyses. Findings:Seventy-four studies were included from five continents between 1978 and 2019; 70.27% (Asia), 16.21% (Europe), 6.75% (Africa), 2.70% (America), 1.35% (Oceania), and 2.70% (Multicenter). The overall mean age of the participants was about 14 years. The pooled prevalence of short stature (ST) was 48.9% (95% CI 35.3-62.6) and in male was higher than female (61.9%, 95% CI 53.4-69.7 vs. 50.9%, CI 41.8-59.9). The pooled prevalence of growth retardation (GR) was 41.1% and in male was higher than in female (51.6%, 95% CI 17.8-84 vs. 33.1%, CI 9.4-70.2). The pooled prevalence of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was 26.6% (95% CI 16-40.8). Conclusion:Our study revealed that near half of thalassemia patients suffer from growth impairments. However, regular evaluation of serum ferritin levels, close monitoring in a proper institute, suitable and acceptable treatment methods besides regular chelation therapy could significantly reduce the patients' complications. 10.5334/aogh.3184
Management of age-associated medical complications in patients with β-thalassemia. Motta Irene,Mancarella Marta,Marcon Alessia,Vicenzi Marco,Cappellini Maria Domenica Expert review of hematology : β-Thalassemia syndromes are among the most common monogenic disorders worldwide. Clinically, on the basis of the severity of the phenotype, β-thalassemias are classified into two groups: transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT). In the last few decades, considerable advances in understanding the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia have significantly improve d patient management, which has led to an increase in the life span of these subjects. However, new complications associated with aging are emerging, and β-thalassemias are becoming a growing concern for the health care systems.: The present review focused on the age-related complications in adults with β-thalassemia. Among the cardiovascular diseases, which remain a major cause of morbidity, pulmonary hypertension and arrhythmias are exhibiting increased prevalence. Adrenal insufficiency and bone disease are emerging as endocrinological complications that require proper treatment. Moreover, age-related complications observed in the general population, including cancers and renal disease, should not be neglected.: The present study reviews the management of above-stated complications in adults with β-thalassemia based on the experience of a referral center. It is noteworthy that clinical trials in this context are limited, and the expert opinion offered in the present report stems mainly from direct clinical experience. 10.1080/17474086.2020.1686354
Emerging therapies in β-thalassemia: toward a new era in management. Bou-Fakhredin Rayan,Tabbikha Rami,Daadaa Hisham,Taher Ali T Expert opinion on emerging drugs INTRODUCTION:The thalassemias are among the most  common inherited monogenic diseases worldwide, characterized by autosomal recessive inherited defects in the production of hemoglobin. Currently available conventional therapies have many challenges and limitations. Advances in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of β-thalassemia enabled clinicians and researchers to move toward the development of novel therapeutic modalities. These can be classified into three categories based on their efforts to address different features of the underlying pathophysiology of β-thalassemia: correction of the globin chain imbalance, addressing ineffective erythropoiesis, and improving iron overload. AREAS COVERED:In this review, we will provide an overview of the novel therapeutic approaches that are currently in development for β-thalassemia. EXPERT OPINION:A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology and overall disease burden of β-thalassemia has aided clinicians and scientists to optimize disease management approaches and construct a plan for the development of novel therapies, with ultimate goals of prolonging longevity, reducing symptom burden, improving compliance and adherence for a better quality of life. 10.1080/14728214.2020.1752180
Nutritional studies in patients with β-thalassemia major: A short review. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis BACKGROUND:Patients with β-thalassemia major (BTM) had variable prevalence of undernutrition and abnormal body composition.  Methods: We performed an electronic search in PubMed, Scopus, Research gate, and Web of Sciences to evaluate the prevalence of nutritional disorders in patients with BTM worldwide in relation to their body composition and possible etiological factors. In addition, we reviewed the published nutritional intervention studies.  Results: 22 studies on the prevalence of undernutrition (12 countries) and 23 nutritional intervention studies were analyzed.  Undernutrition occurred in a considerable number of patients but varied greatly among different countries (from 5.2% to 70%). The lower middle income (LMI) countries (India, Pakistan, Iran, Egypt) had higher prevalence, while (high -middle and high income (Turkey, Greece, North America, USA, Canada) had lower prevalence.  Even in patients with normal BMI, abnormalities of body composition are common with decreased muscle mass, lean-body mass, and bone mineral density. 65% to 75% of them had lower energy intake with low levels of circulating nutrients, minerals (zinc, selenium, and copper), and vitamins (D, E) versus controls. Increased macro and micronutrient requirements decreased absorption and /or increased loss or excretion are etiologic factors. Undernutrition was associated with short stature and lower quality of life (QOL). High prevalence of endocrinopathies, poor transfusion regimen (tissue hypoxia), improper chelation, and lack of maternal education, represented important risk factors in the production of poor growth in weight and stature. CONCLUSIONS:Timely detection of undernutrition in patients with BTM and proper nutritional intervention could prevent growth delay and comorbidities. 10.23750/abm.v94i3.14732
Beta-thalassemia and the advent of new interventions beyond transfusion and iron chelation. British journal of clinical pharmacology Beta-thalassaemia, including sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia E, is most common in developing countries in tropical and subtropic regions. Because carriers have migrated there owing to demographic migration, β-thalassaemia can now be detected in areas other than malaria-endemic areas. Every year, an estimated 300 000-500 000 infants, the vast majority of whom are from developing countries, are born with a severe haemoglobin anomaly. Currently, some basic techniques, which include iron chelation therapy, hydroxyurea, blood transfusion, splenectomy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, are being used to manage thalassaemia patients. Despite being the backbone of treatment, traditional techniques have several drawbacks and limitations. Ineffective erythropoiesis, correction of globin chain imbalance and adjustment of iron metabolism are some of the innovative treatment methods that have been developed in the care of thalassaemia patients in recent years. Moreover, regulating the expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia 11A and sex-determining region Y-box through the enhanced expression of micro RNAs can also be considered putative targets for managing haemoglobinopathies. This review focuses on the biological basis of β-globin gene production, the pathophysiology of β-thalassaemia and the treatment options that have recently been introduced. 10.1111/bcp.15343
The role of extracellular vesicles on the occurrence of clinical complications in β-thalassemia. Experimental hematology Thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder of red blood cells (RBCs) caused by defects in the synthesis of globin chains. Thalassemia phenotypes have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and vary from severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions to clinically asymptomatic states. Ineffective erythropoiesis and toxicity caused by iron overload are major factors responsible for various complications in thalassemia patients, especially patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM). Common complications in patients with thalassemia include iron overload, thrombosis, cardiac morbidity, vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and organ dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released from various cells' plasma membranes due to activation and apoptosis. Based on studies, EVs play a role in various processes, including clot formation, vascular damage, and proinflammatory processes. In recent years, they have also been studied as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Considering the high concentration of EVs in thalassemia and their role in cellular processes, this study reviews the role of EVs in the common complications of patients with β-thalassemia for the first time. 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.08.009
[Clinical practice guidelines for beta-thalassemia]. Writing Group For Practice Guidelines For Diagnosis And Treatment Of Genetic Diseases Medical Genetics Branch Of Chinese Medical Association ,Shang Xuan,Wu Xuedong,Zhang Xinhua,Feng Xiaoqin,Xu Xiangmin Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics Beta-thalassemia is an autosomal recessive genetic disease as well as one of the single gene disorders whose molecular basis was first clarified. The disease is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas including southern China. Children with beta-thalassemia major have no obvious symptoms at birth, but will usually die in early childhood due to severe anemia and lack of effective treatment. This disease can be prevented by prenatal diagnosis. Patients with severe anemia can survive for a long time with life-long standardized blood transfusion and iron removal therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may cure the disease, and gene therapy also showed a promising prospect. Based on the phenotypic and genetic data of Chinese population, this article focuses on the clinical diagnosis and genetic consultation of beta-thalassemia, and summarizes the key points of clinical treatment and population prevention of beta-thalassemia in order to provide clinicians and laboratory personnel with a practical guidance for the clinical management of beta-thalassemia. 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2020.03.004
Defining curative endpoints for transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia in the era of gene therapy and gene editing. American journal of hematology β-thalassemia is a monogenic disease that results in varying degrees of anemia. In the most severe form, known as transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT), the clinical hallmarks are ineffective erythropoiesis and a requirement of regular, life-long red blood cell transfusions, with the development of secondary clinical complications such as iron overload, end-organ damage, and a risk of early mortality. With the exception of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, current treatments for TDT address disease symptoms and not the underlying cause of disease. Recently, a growing number of gene addition and gene editing-based treatments for patients with TDT with the potential to provide a one-time functional cure have entered clinical trials. A key challenge in the design and evaluation of these trials is selecting endpoints to evaluate if these novel genetic therapies have a curative versus an ameliorative effect. Here, we present an overview of the pathophysiology of TDT, review emerging gene addition or gene editing therapeutic approaches for TDT currently in clinical trials, and identify a series of endpoints that can quantify therapeutic effects, including a curative outcome. 10.1002/ajh.27166
Human cellular model systems of β-thalassemia enable in-depth analysis of disease phenotype. Nature communications β-thalassemia is a prevalent genetic disorder causing severe anemia due to defective erythropoiesis, with few treatment options. Studying the underlying molecular defects is impeded by paucity of suitable patient material. In this study we create human disease cellular model systems for β-thalassemia by gene editing the erythroid line BEL-A, which accurately recapitulate the phenotype of patient erythroid cells. We also develop a high throughput compatible fluorometric-based assay for evaluating severity of disease phenotype and utilize the assay to demonstrate that the lines respond appropriately to verified reagents. We next use the lines to perform extensive analysis of the altered molecular mechanisms in β-thalassemia erythroid cells, revealing upregulation of a wide range of biological pathways and processes along with potential novel targets for therapeutic investigation. Overall, the lines provide a sustainable supply of disease cells as research tools for identifying therapeutic targets and as screening platforms for new drugs and reagents. 10.1038/s41467-023-41961-9
Recent perspectives of pediatric β-thalassemia. Minerva pediatrics Beta-thalassemia is a potentially lethal hereditary anemia, caused by reduced or absent expression of HBB polypeptide chains of adult hemoglobin (HbA: α2β2). Current curative treatments options are limited to few patients, while alternative, chronic palliative therapy consisting of frequent transfusions coupled with iron chelation therapy, are costly. The above treatments also affect quality of life of patients. A search was conducted in the electronic databases like Medline, PubMed, etc. for screening studies reporting various aspects including gene therapy, prevention strategies, blood, transfusion and chelation therapy for the management of β-thalassemia. Increased levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF: α2γ2) were shown to lessen the severity of β-thalassemia, highlighting the therapeutic potential of a gene-therapy-mediated increase in HBG1 and HBG2 (HBG) expression. The primary outcome of most of the above studies was the efficient management of β-thalassemia, without any major complication. So, the present review is focused on the recent perspectives in the management of β-thalassemia including combinatorial gene therapy for β-thalassemia. 10.23736/S2724-5276.18.04872-7
2021 update on clinical trials in β-thalassemia. Musallam Khaled M,Bou-Fakhredin Rayan,Cappellini Maria Domenica,Taher Ali T American journal of hematology The treatment landscape for patients with β-thalassemia is witnessing a swift evolution, yet several unmet needs continue to persist. Patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) primarily rely on regular transfusion and iron chelation therapy, which can be associated with considerable treatment burden and cost. Patients with non-transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (NTDT) are also at risk of significant morbidity due to the underlying anemia and iron overload, but treatment options in this patient subgroup are limited. In this review, we provide updates on clinical trials of novel therapies targeting the underlying pathology in β-thalassemia, including the α/non-α-globin chain imbalance, ineffective erythropoiesis, and iron dysregulation. 10.1002/ajh.26316
Iron metabolism under conditions of ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia. Blood β-Thalassemia (BT) is an inherited genetic disorder that is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis (IE), leading to anemia and abnormal iron metabolism. IE is an abnormal expansion of the number of erythroid progenitor cells with unproductive synthesis of enucleated erythrocytes, leading to anemia and hypoxia. Anemic patients affected by BT suffer from iron overload, even in the absence of chronic blood transfusion, suggesting the presence of ≥1 erythroid factor with the ability to modulate iron metabolism and dietary iron absorption. Recent studies suggest that decreased erythroid cell differentiation and survival also contribute to IE, aggravating the anemia in BT. Furthermore, hypoxia can also affect and increase iron absorption. Understanding the relationship between iron metabolism and IE could provide important insights into the BT condition and help to develop novel treatments. In fact, genetic or pharmacological manipulations of iron metabolism or erythroid cell differentiation and survival have been shown to improve IE, iron overload, and anemia in animal models of BT. Based on those findings, new therapeutic approaches and drugs have been proposed; clinical trials are underway that have the potential to improve erythrocyte production, as well as to reduce the iron overload and organ toxicity in BT and in other disorders characterized by IE. 10.1182/blood-2018-07-815928
Emerging Therapies in β-Thalassemia. Hematology/oncology clinics of North America Advances in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of β-thalassemia have enabled efforts toward the development of novel therapeutic modalities. These can be classified into three major categories based on their ability to target different features of the underlying disease pathophysiology: correction of the α/β globin chain imbalance, targeting ineffective erythropoiesis, and targeting iron dysregulation. This article provides an overview of these different emerging therapies that are currently in development for β-thalassemia. 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.12.010
Beta-thalassemia: is cure still a dream? Minerva medica β-thalassemia is a monogenic disorder characterized by decreased hemoglobin production, resulting in chronic anemia. There are several factors affecting the clinical presentation of patients with β-thalassemia, and several complications such as iron overload or ineffective erythropoiesis have been linked to this disease. Until nowadays, several conservative therapies namely blood transfusions, iron chelation, and the FDA-approved drug Luspatercept have been adopted alongside other debatable permanent cures. Other clinical trials are being conducted to develop better and safer management techniques for these patients. This review will discuss the different treatment strategies of β-thalassemia including novel therapies, besides all possible curative therapies that are being developed for this disease. 10.23736/S0026-4806.23.08501-4
Musculoskeletal imaging manifestations of beta-thalassemia. Hajimoradi Maryam,Haseli Sara,Abadi Alireza,Chalian Majid Skeletal radiology Beta-thalassemia is a heterogeneous group of anemic disorders caused by the absence or defective production of beta-globin chains. Their clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic to severe symptoms leading to a transfusion-dependent anemic state. The genes that cause thalassemia are prevalent in Asian and African populations, particularly concentrated in the Middle East, Mediterranean region, parts of India, and South East Asia. Over time, the disease causes various musculoskeletal abnormalities with complex pathophysiology secondary to chronic anemia. The compensatory mechanisms result in diffuse marrow hyperplasia, yellow to red marrow reconversion, osteopenia, and pathologic fractures. Inability to remove excess iron and inevitable iron overload as a result of multiple blood transfusions in patients with thalassemia major and intermedia is another face of the disease. Musculoskeletal manifestations include osteopenia, coarse trabeculae, bone expansion, synovitis, joint effusion, and metaphyseal dysplasia. These complications have long-lasting effects on the skeletal growth pattern resulting in bone deformity, short stature, premature closure of physes, and predisposition to infection. Additionally, there are radiologic features of iron-chelator therapy, which are unique and unrelated to the disease process itself. Familiarity of radiologists with the imaging features of beta-thalassemia is crucial in both diagnosis and timely management of the disease and its complications. 10.1007/s00256-021-03732-9
Novel therapies in β-thalassaemia. British journal of clinical pharmacology Beta-thalassaemia is one of the most significant haemoglobinopathies worldwide resulting in the synthesis of little or no β-globin chains. Without treatment, β-thalassaemia major is lethal within the first decade of life due to the complex pathophysiology, which leads to wide clinical manifestations. Current clinical management for these patients depends on repeated transfusions followed by iron-chelating therapy. Several novel approaches to correct the resulting α/β-globin chain imbalance, treat ineffective erythropoiesis and improve iron overload are currently being developed. Up to now, the only curative treatment for β-thalassemia is haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, but this is a risky and costly procedure. Gene therapy, gene editing and base editing are emerging as a powerful approach to treat this disease. In β-thalassaemia, gene therapy involves the insertion of a vector containing the normal β-globin or γ-globin gene into haematopoietic stem cells to permanently produce normal red blood cells. Gene editing and base editing involves the use of zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like nucleases and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 to either correct the causative mutation or else insert a single nucleotide variant that will increase foetal haemoglobin. In this review, we will examine the current management strategies used to treat β-thalassaemia and focus on the novel therapies targeting ineffective erythropoiesis, improving iron overload and correction of the globin chain imbalance. 10.1111/bcp.14918
Oxidative Stress in β-Thalassemia. Fibach Eitan,Dana Mutaz Molecular diagnosis & therapy Cell oxidative status, which represents the balance between oxidants and antioxidants, is involved in normal functions. Under pathological conditions, there is a shift toward the oxidants, leading to oxidative stress, which is cytotoxic, causing oxidation of cellular components that result in cell death and organ damage. Thalassemia is a hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by mutations in globin genes that cause reduced or complete absence of specific globin chains (commonly, α or β). Although oxidative stress is not the primary etiology of thalassemia, it mediates several of its pathologies. The main causes of oxidative stress in thalassemia are the degradation of the unstable hemoglobin and iron overload-both stimulate the production of excess free radicals. The symptoms aggravated by oxidative stress include increased hemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis and functional failure of vital organs such as the heart and liver. The oxidative status of each patient is affected by multiple internal and external factors, including genetic makeup, health conditions, nutrition, physical activity, age, and the environment (e.g., air pollution, radiation). In addition, oxidative stress is influenced by the clinical manifestations of the disease (unpaired globin chains, iron overload, anemia, etc.). Application of personalized (theranostics) medicine principles, including diagnostic tests for selecting targeted therapy, is therefore important for optimal treatment of the oxidative stress of these patients. We summarize the role of oxidative stress and the current and potential antioxidative therapeutics in β-thalassemia and describe some methodologies, mostly cellular, that might be helpful for application of a theranostics approach to therapy. 10.1007/s40291-018-0373-5
Erythropoiesis in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and beta-thalassemia. Blood reviews The hematologic disorders myelodysplastic syndromes and beta-thalassemia are characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and anemia, often managed with regular blood transfusions. Erythropoiesis, the process by which sufficient numbers of functional erythrocytes are produced from hematopoietic stem cells, is highly regulated, and defects can negatively affect the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid precursors. Treatments that directly target the underlying mechanisms of ineffective erythropoiesis are limited, and management of anemia with regular blood transfusions imposes a significant burden on patients, caregivers, and health care systems. There is therefore a strong unmet need for treatments that can restore effective erythropoiesis. Novel therapies are beginning to address this need by targeting a variety of mechanisms underlying erythropoiesis. Herein, we provide an overview of the role of ineffective erythropoiesis in myelodysplastic syndromes and beta-thalassemia, discuss unmet needs in targeting ineffective erythropoiesis, and describe current management strategies and emerging treatments for these disorders. 10.1016/j.blre.2022.101039
Beta Thalassemia: New Therapeutic Options Beyond Transfusion and Iron Chelation. Motta Irene,Bou-Fakhredin Rayan,Taher Ali T,Cappellini Maria Domenica Drugs Hemoglobinopathies are among the most common monogenic diseases worldwide. Approximately 1-5% of the global population are carriers for a genetic thalassemia mutation. The thalassemias are characterized by autosomal recessive inherited defects in the production of hemoglobin. They are highly prevalent in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Indian subcontinent, and East and Southeast Asia. Due to recent migrations, however, the thalassemias are now becoming more common in Europe and North America, making this disease a global health concern. Currently available conventional therapies in thalassemia have many challenges and limitations. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia in addition to key developments in optimizing transfusion programs and iron-chelation therapy has led to an increase in the life span of thalassemia patients and paved the way for new therapeutic strategies. These can be classified into three categories based on their efforts to address different features of the underlying pathophysiology of β-thalassemia: correction of the globin chain imbalance, addressing ineffective erythropoiesis, and improving iron overload. In this review, we provide an overview of the novel therapeutic approaches that are currently in development for β-thalassemia. 10.1007/s40265-020-01341-9
Thalassaemia-A global view. British journal of haematology The thalassaemias are a group of genetic disorders of haemoglobin which are endemic in the tropics but are now found worldwide due to migration. Basic standard of care therapy includes regular transfusions to maintain a haemoglobin level of around 10 g/dL, together with iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload. Novel therapies, bone marrow transplantation, and gene therapy are treatment options that are unavailable in many countries with stressed economies. This Wider Perspectives article presents the strategies for management of an adolescent refugee patient with beta thalassaemia, as it would be performed by expert haematologists in six countries: Italy, Lebanon, Oman, the Sudan, Thailand and the United States. The experienced clinicians in each country have adapted their practice according to the resources available, which vary greatly. Even in the current modern era, providing adequate transfusions and chelation is problematic in many countries. On the other hand, ensuring adherence to therapy, particularly during adolescence, is a similar challenge seen in all countries. The concluding section highlights the disparities in available therapies and puts the role of novel therapies into a societal context. 10.1111/bjh.18671
Challenges of blood transfusions in β-thalassemia. Shah Farrukh T,Sayani Farzana,Trompeter Sara,Drasar Emma,Piga Antonio Blood reviews Patients with β-thalassemia major (BTM) require regular blood transfusions, supported by appropriate iron chelation therapy (ICT), throughout their life. β-thalassemia is a global disease that is most highly prevalent in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean countries. However, the global distribution of patients with β-thalassemia is changing due to population migration, and Northern European countries now have significant thalassemia populations. Globally, many patients with BTM have limited access to regular and safe blood transfusions. A lack of voluntary nonremunerated blood donors, poor awareness of thalassemia, a lack of national blood policies, and fragmented blood services contribute to a significant gap between the timely supply of, and demand for, safe blood. In many centers, there is inadequate provision of antigen testing, even for common red cell antigens such as CcEe and Kell. Policies to raise awareness and increase the use of red blood cell antigen testing and requesting of compatible blood in transfusion centers are needed to reduce alloimmunization (the development of antibodies to red blood cell antigens), which limits the effectiveness of transfusions and the potential availability of blood. Patients with BTM are also at risk of transfusion-transmitted infections unless appropriate blood screening and safety practices are in place. Hence, many patients are not transfused or are undertransfused, resulting in decreased health and quality-of-life outcomes. Hemovigilance, leukoreduction, and the ability to thoroughly investigate transfusion reactions are often lacking, especially in resource-poor countries. ICT is essential to prevent cardiac failure and other complications due to iron accumulation. Despite the availability of potentially inexpensive oral ICT, a high proportion of patients suffer complications of iron overload and die each year due to a lack of, or inadequate, ICT. Increased awareness, training, and resources are required to improve and standardize adequate blood transfusion services and ICT among the worldwide population of patients with BTM. ICT needs to be available, affordable, and correctly prescribed. Effective, safe, and affordable new treatments that reduce the blood transfusion burden in patients with β-thalassemia remain an unmet need. 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100588
Thalassaemia in China. Blood reviews Because of successful thalassaemia prevention programmes in resource-rich countries and it's huge population China now has the greatest number of new cases of thalassaemia globally as well as more people with thalassaemia than any other country. 30 million Chinese have thalassaemia-associated mutations and about 300,000 have thalassaemia major or intermedia requiring medical intervention. Over the past 2 decades there has been tremendous economic growth in China including per capita spending on health care. There is now nation-wide availability and partial or full insurance for prenatal genetic testing, RBC-transfusions, iron-chelating drugs and haematopoietic cell transplants. Prenatal screening and educational programmes have reduced the incidence of new cases. However, substantial challenges remain. For example, regional differences in access to medical care and unequal economic development require innovations to reduce the medical, financial and psychological burdens of Chinese with thalassaemia and their families. In this review we discuss success in preventing and treating thalassaemia in China highlighting remaining challenges. Our discussion has important implications for resource-poor geospaces challenged with preventing and treating thalassaemia. 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101074
Current status of beta-thalassemia and its treatment strategies. Ali Shaukat,Mumtaz Shumaila,Shakir Hafiz Abdullah,Khan Muhammad,Tahir Hafiz Muhammad,Mumtaz Samaira,Mughal Tafail Akbar,Hassan Ali,Kazmi Syed Akif Raza,Sadia ,Irfan Muhammad,Khan Muhammad Adeeb Molecular genetics & genomic medicine BACKGROUND:Thalassemia is an inherited hematological disorder categorized by a decrease or absence of one or more of the globin chains synthesis. Beta-thalassemia is caused by one or more mutations in the beta-globin gene. The absence or reduced amount of beta-globin chains causes ineffective erythropoiesis which leads to anemia. METHODS:Beta-thalassemia has been further divided into three main forms: thalassemia major, intermedia, and minor/silent carrier. A more severe form among these is thalassemia major in which individuals depend upon blood transfusion for survival. The high level of iron deposition occurs due to regular blood transfusion therapy. RESULTS:Overloaded iron raises the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are noxious and prompting the injury to the hepatic, endocrine, and vascular system. Thalassemia can be analyzed and diagnosed via prenatal testing (genetic testing of amniotic fluid), blood smear, complete blood count, and DNA analysis (genetic testing). Treatment of thalassemia intermediate is symptomatic; however; it can also be accomplished by folic supplementation and splenectomy. CONCLUSION:Thalassemia major can be cured through regular transfusion of blood, transplantation of bone marrow, iron chelation management, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, stimulation of fetal hemoglobin production, and gene therapy. 10.1002/mgg3.1788
Thalassaemia. Lancet (London, England) Thalassaemia is a diverse group of genetic disorders with a worldwide distribution affecting globin chain synthesis. The pathogenesis of thalassaemia lies in the unbalanced globin chain production, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis, increased haemolysis, and deranged iron homoeostasis. The clinical phenotype shows heterogeneity, ranging from close to normal without complications to severe requiring lifelong transfusion support. Conservative treatment with transfusion and iron chelation has transformed the natural history of thalassaemia major into a chronic disease with a prolonged life expectancy, albeit with co-morbidities and substantial disease burden. Curative therapy with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is advocated for suitable patients. The understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease is guiding therapeutic advances. Novel agents have shown efficacy in improving anaemia and transfusion burden, and initial results from gene therapy approaches are promising. Despite scientific developments, worldwide inequality in the access of health resources is a major concern, because most patients live in underserved areas. 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00536-0
Homozygous deletion of six olfactory receptor genes in a subset of individuals with Beta-thalassemia. Van Ziffle Jessica,Yang Wendy,Chehab Farid F PloS one Progress in the functional studies of human olfactory receptors has been largely hampered by the lack of a reliable experimental model system. Although transgenic approaches in mice could characterize the function of individual olfactory receptors, the presence of over 300 functional genes in the human genome becomes a daunting task. Thus, the characterization of individuals with a genetic susceptibility to altered olfaction coupled with the absence of particular olfactory receptor genes will allow phenotype/genotype correlations and vindicate the function of specific olfactory receptors with their cognate ligands. We characterized a 118 kb β-globin deletion and found that its 3' end breakpoint extends to the neighboring olfactory receptor region downstream of the β-globin gene cluster. This deletion encompasses six contiguous olfactory receptor genes (OR51V1, OR52Z1, OR51A1P, OR52A1, OR52A5, and OR52A4) all of which are expressed in the brain. Topology analysis of the encoded proteins from these olfactory receptor genes revealed that OR52Z1, OR52A1, OR52A5, and OR52A4 are predicted to be functional receptors as they display integral characteristics of G-proteins coupled receptors. Individuals homozygous for the 118 kb β-globin deletion are afflicted with β-thalassemia due to a homozygous deletion of the β-globin gene and have no alleles for the above mentioned olfactory receptors genes. This is the first example of a homozygous deletion of olfactory receptor genes in human. Although altered olfaction remains to be ascertained in these individuals, such a study can be carried out in β-thalassemia patients from Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines where this mutation is common. Furthermore, OR52A1 contains a γ-globin enhancer, which was previously shown to confer continuous expression of the fetal γ-globin genes. Thus, the hypothesis that β-thalassemia individuals, who are homozygous for the 118 kb deletion, may also have an exacerbation of their anemia due to the deletion of two copies of the γ-globin enhancer element is worthy of consideration. 10.1371/journal.pone.0017327
Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia: genome-wide association studies suggest a regulatory region in the 5' olfactory receptor gene cluster. Blood In a genome-wide association study of 848 blacks with sickle cell anemia, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fetal hemoglobin concentration. The most significant SNPs in a discovery sample were tested in a replication set of 305 blacks with sickle cell anemia and in subjects with hemoglobin E or beta thalassemia trait from Thailand and Hong Kong. A novel region on chromosome 11 containing olfactory receptor genes OR51B5 and OR51B6 was identified by 6 SNPs (lowest P = 4.7E-08) and validated in the replication set. An additional olfactory receptor gene, OR51B2, was identified by a novel SNP set enrichment analysis. Genome-wide association studies also validated a previously identified SNP (rs766432) in BCL11A, a gene known to affect fetal hemoglobin levels (P = 2.6E-21) and in Thailand and Hong Kong subjects. Elements within the olfactory receptor gene cluster might play a regulatory role in gamma-globin gene expression. 10.1182/blood-2009-08-239517
β-Thalassemia Intermedia: A Bird's-Eye View. Haddad Anthony,Tyan Paul,Radwan Amr,Mallat Naji,Taher Ali Turkish journal of haematology : official journal of Turkish Society of Haematology Beta-thalassemia is due to a defect in the synthesis of the beta-globin chains, leading to alpha/beta imbalance, ineffective erythropoiesis, and chronic anemia. The spectrum of thalassemias is wide, with one end comprising thalassemia minor, which consists of a mild hypochromic microcytic anemia with no obvious clinical manifestations, while on the other end is thalassemia major, characterized by patients who present in their first years of life with profound anemia and regular transfusion requirements for survival. Along the spectrum lies thalassemia intermedia, a term developed to describe patients with manifestations that are neither mild enough nor severe enough to be classified in the spectrum's extremes. Over the past decade, our understanding of β-thalassemia intermedia has increased tremendously with regards to molecular information as well as pathophysiology. It is now clear that β-thalassemia intermedia has a clinical presentation as well as complications associated with the disease that are different from those of β-thalassemia major. This review is designed to tackle issues related to β-thalassemia intermedia from the basic definition of the disease to paramedical issues, namely the quality of life in these patients. Genetics and pathophysiology are revisited, as well as the complications specific to this disease. These complications include effects on several organ systems, including the cardiovascular, hepatic, endocrine, renal, brain, and skeletal systems. Extramedullary hematopoiesis is also discussed in this article. Risk factors are highlighted and cutoffs are identified to minimize morbidities in β-thalassemia intermedia. Several treatment modalities are considered by shining a light on the pros and cons of each modality, as well as the role of special pharmacological agents in the progress of the disease and its morbidities. Finally, health-related quality of life is discussed in these patients with a direct comparison to the more severe β-thalassemia major. 10.4274/Tjh.2014.0032
Genetic factors affecting clinical severity in beta-thalassemia syndromes. Winichagoon P,Fucharoen S,Chen P,Wasi P Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology PURPOSE:Heterogeneity in the clinical manifestation of beta-thalassemic diseases may occur from the nature of beta-globin gene mutations, alpha-thalassemia gene interaction, or differences in the amount of hemoglobin (Hb) F production. This study was conducted to determine whether these genetic determinant factors can predict phenotypic severity of patients with beta-thalassemia and to assess the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 144 patients with beta-thalassemia were divided into mild (46 patients), intermediate (55 patients), and severe groups (43 patients). DNA analysis based on polymerase chain reaction technique was performed to characterize types of beta-thalassemia mutation, interaction of alpha-thalassemia, and XmnI polymorphism 5' to Ggamma-globin gene. RESULTS:Two alleles of mild beta-thalassemia mutation (beta+/beta+-thalassemia or beta+-thalassemia/Hb E) resulted in a mild clinical symptom whereas two alleles of severe beta-thalassemia mutation (betao/betao) produced a severe clinical phenotype. Compound heterozygosity for mild and severe alleles of beta-thalassemia (betao/ beta+-thalassemia or betao-thalassemia/Hb E) led to variable severity of anemia. Coinheritance of alpha-thalassemia alleviated the severity of beta-thalassemia disease in those patients with at least one allele of the mild beta-thalassemia genotype. DNA polymorphism at position-158 nt 5' to the Ggamma-globin gene was demonstrated by XmnI restriction enzyme. Homozygote of the XmnI site, +/+, was found to have a strong linkage with high Hb F levels and high hemoglobin production in two patients who had mild clinical symptoms. However, some patients who had XmnI site -/- also had mild clinical symptoms because the XmnI- was found to be associated with beta+-thalassemia mutation. CONCLUSION:Types of beta-thalassemia mutation and coinheritance of alpha-thalassemia in the patient who has at least one allele of the mild beta-thalassemia genotype are predictive for the clinical severity of the disease. However, a mild clinical symptom in some patients with betao/beta+-thalassemia or betao-thalassemia/Hb E who do not have a detectable alpha-thalassemia haplotype and no linkage with XmnI++ suggests that there are other confounding factors responsible for the severity differences of the disease.
[Current management of thalassemia intermedia]. Thuret I Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine Thalassemia intermedia is a clinical entity where anemia is mild or moderate, requiring no or occasional transfusion. Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia encompasses 3 main clinical forms: beta-thalassemia intermedia, hemoglobin E/beta-thalassemia and alpha-thalassemia intermedia (HbH disease). Clinical severity of thalassemia intermedia increases with age, with more severe anemia and more frequent complications such as extramedullary hematopoiesis and iron overload mainly related to increased intestinal absorption. Numerous adverse events including pulmonary hypertension and hypercoagulability have been associated with splenectomy, often performed in thalassemia intermedia patients. The potential preventive benefit of transfusion and chelation therapies on the occurrence of numerous complications supports the strategy of an earlier therapeutic intervention. Increasing knowledge about pathophysiological mechanisms involved in thalassemia erythropoiesis and related iron overload is currently translating in novel therapeutic approaches. 10.1016/j.tracli.2014.07.005
HbE/β-Thalassemia and Oxidative Stress: The Key to Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutics. Antioxidants & redox signaling SIGNIFICANCE:Oxidative stress and generation of free radicals are fundamental in initiating pathophysiological mechanisms leading to an inflammatory cascade resulting in high rates of morbidity and death from many inherited point mutation-derived hemoglobinopathies. Hemoglobin (Hb)E is the most common point mutation worldwide. The β-globin gene is found in greatest frequency in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. With the wave of worldwide migration, it is entering the gene pool of diverse populations with greater consequences than expected. CRITICAL ISSUES:While HbE by itself presents as a mild anemia and a single gene for β-thalassemia is not serious, it remains unexplained why HbE/β-thalassemia (HbE/β-thal) is a grave disease with high morbidity and mortality. Patients often exhibit defective physical development, severe chronic anemia, and often die of cardiovascular disease and severe infections. Recent Advances: This article presents an overview of HbE/β-thal disease with an emphasis on new findings pointing to pathophysiological mechanisms derived from and initiated by the dysfunctional property of HbE as a reduced nitrite reductase concomitant with excess α-chains exacerbating unstable HbE, leading to a combination of nitric oxide imbalance, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory events. FUTURE DIRECTIONS:Additionally, we present new therapeutic strategies that are based on the emerging molecular-level understanding of the pathophysiology of this and other hemoglobinopathies. These strategies are designed to short-circuit the inflammatory cascade leading to devastating chronic morbidity and fatal consequences. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 794-813. 10.1089/ars.2016.6806
Cellular and animal models for the investigation of β-thalassemia. Blood cells, molecules & diseases β-Thalassemia is a genetic form of anemia due to mutations in the β-globin gene, that leads to ineffective and extramedullary erythropoiesis, abnormal red blood cells and secondary iron-overload. The severity of the disease ranges from mild to lethal anemia based on the residual levels of globins production. Despite being a monogenic disorder, the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia is multifactorial, with different players contributing to the severity of anemia and secondary complications. As a result, the identification of effective therapeutic strategies is complex, and the treatment of patients is still suboptimal. For these reasons, several models have been developed in the last decades to provide experimental tools for the study of the disease, including erythroid cell lines, cultures of primary erythroid cells and transgenic animals. Years of research enabled the optimization of these models and led to decipher the mechanisms responsible for globins deregulation and ineffective erythropoiesis in thalassemia, to unravel the role of iron homeostasis in the disease and to identify and validate novel therapeutic targets and agents. Examples of successful outcomes of these analyses include iron restricting agents, currently tested in the clinics, several gene therapy vectors, one of which was recently approved for the treatment of most severe patients, and a promising gene editing strategy, that has been shown to be effective in a clinical trial. This review provides an overview of the available models, discusses pros and cons, and the key findings obtained from their study. 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102761
The hemoglobin E thalassemias. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine Hemoglobin E (HbE) is an extremely common structural hemoglobin variant that occurs at high frequencies throughout many Asian countries. It is a β-hemoglobin variant, which is produced at a slightly reduced rate and hence has the phenotype of a mild form of β thalassemia. Its interactions with different forms of α thalassemia result in a wide variety of clinical disorders, whereas its coinheritance with β thalassemia, a condition called hemoglobin E β thalassemia, is by far the most common severe form of β thalassemia in Asia and, globally, comprises approximately 50% of the clinically severe β-thalassemia disorders. 10.1101/cshperspect.a011734
α-Globin as a molecular target in the treatment of β-thalassemia. Mettananda Sachith,Gibbons Richard J,Higgs Douglas R Blood The thalassemias, together with sickle cell anemia and its variants, are the world's most common form of inherited anemia, and in economically undeveloped countries, they still account for tens of thousands of premature deaths every year. In developed countries, treatment of thalassemia is also still far from ideal, requiring lifelong transfusion or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clinical and molecular genetic studies over the course of the last 50 years have demonstrated how coinheritance of modifier genes, which alter the balance of α-like and β-like globin gene expression, may transform severe, transfusion-dependent thalassemia into relatively mild forms of anemia. Most attention has been paid to pathways that increase γ-globin expression, and hence the production of fetal hemoglobin. Here we review the evidence that reduction of α-globin expression may provide an equally plausible approach to ameliorating clinically severe forms of β-thalassemia, and in particular, the very common subgroup of patients with hemoglobin E β-thalassemia that makes up approximately half of all patients born each year with severe β-thalassemia. 10.1182/blood-2015-03-633594
Diverse hematological phenotypes of β-thalassemia carriers. Luo Hong-Yuan,Chui David H K Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Most β-thalassemia carriers have mild anemia, low mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and elevated hemoglobin α2 (HbA2 ). However, there is considerable variability resulting from coinheritance with α- and/or δ-globin gene mutations, dominant inheritance of β-thalassemia mutations, highly unstable variant globin chains, large deletions removing part or all of the β-globin gene cluster, loss of heterozygosity of the β-globin gene cluster during development, or concomitant erythroid enzyme or membrane protein abnormalities. Recognition of the specific abnormality and correct diagnosis can allay anxiety and unnecessary investigation, help formulate treatment programs, and deliver appropriate genetic and family counseling. 10.1111/nyas.13056
Advances in screening of thalassaemia. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry Thalassaemia is a common hereditary haemolytic anaemia. Mild cases of this disease may be asymptomatic, while patients with severe thalassaemias require high-dose blood transfusions and regular iron removal to maintain life or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation to be cured, imposing an enormous familial and social burden. Therefore, early, timely, and accurate screening of patients is of great importance. In recent years, with the continuous development of thalassaemia screening technologies, the accuracy of thalassaemia screening has also improved significantly. This article reviews the current research on thalassaemia screening. 10.1016/j.cca.2022.08.001
Alpha- and Beta-thalassemia: Rapid Evidence Review. American family physician Thalassemia is a group of autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathies affecting the production of normal alpha- or beta-globin chains that comprise hemoglobin. Ineffective production of alpha- or beta-globin chains may result in ineffective erythropoiesis, premature red blood cell destruction, and anemia. Chronic, severe anemia in patients with thalassemia may result in bone marrow expansion and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Thalassemia should be suspected in patients with microcytic anemia and normal or elevated ferritin levels. Hemoglobin electrophoresis may reveal common characteristics of different thalassemia subtypes, but genetic testing is required to confirm the diagnosis. Thalassemia is generally asymptomatic in trait and carrier states. Alpha-thalassemia major results in hydrops fetalis and is often fatal at birth. Beta-thalassemia major requires lifelong transfusions starting in early childhood (often before two years of age). Alpha- and beta-thalassemia intermedia have variable presentations based on gene mutation or deletion, with mild forms requiring only monitoring but more severe forms leading to symptomatic anemia and requiring transfusion. Treatment of thalassemia includes transfusions, iron chelation therapy to correct iron overload (from hemolytic anemia, intestinal iron absorption, and repeated transfusions), hydroxyurea, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and luspatercept. Thalassemia complications arise from bone marrow expansion, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and iron deposition in peripheral tissues. These complications include morbidities affecting the skeletal system, endocrine organs, heart, and liver. Life expectancy of those with thalassemia has improved dramatically over the past 50 years with increased availability of blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy, and improved iron overload monitoring. Genetic counseling and screening in high-risk populations can assist in reducing the prevalence of thalassemia.
Αlpha-thalassemia: A practical overview. Blood reviews α-Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by decreased synthesis of α-globin chains that results in an imbalance of α and β globin and thus varying degrees of ineffective erythropoiesis, decreased red blood cell (RBC) survival, chronic hemolytic anemia, and subsequent comorbidities. Clinical presentation varies depending on the genotype, ranging from a silent or mild carrier state to severe, transfusion-dependent or lethal disease. Management of patients with α-thalassemia is primarily supportive, addressing either symptoms (eg, RBC transfusions for anemia), complications of the disease, or its transfusion-dependence (eg, chelation therapy for iron overload). Several novel therapies are also in development, including curative gene manipulation techniques and disease modifying agents that target ineffective erythropoiesis and chronic hemolytic anemia. This review of α-thalassemia and its various manifestations provides practical information for clinicians who practice beyond those regions where it is found with high frequency. 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101165
Oral condition, chemistry of saliva, and salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans in thalassemic patients. Lugliè P F,Campus Guglielmo,Deiola C,Mela M G,Gallisai D Clinical oral investigations The purpose of this investigation was to determine the oral status in a group of patients with thalassemia major (TM). Eighteen TM patients (15 M, three F) and 18 healthy controls randomly matched for age and sex were examined for dental caries using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and for oral hygiene conditions using the oral hygiene index (OHI)-S. Spontaneous saliva was collected from each subject, and the biochemical composition (calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, urea) was determined. Furthermore, salivary Streptococcus mutans levels were evaluated. Statistical analysis (Student's t-test) were performed for means comparison, while independence among categorical variables was assessed using the chi(2) test. Fisher's exact test was used when expected cell values were less than 5. Dental status (DMFT index) was almost equal in the two groups (10.3 in TM vs 9.4 in controls, P=0.34). The occurrence of plaque (OHI-S 2) was higher in the control group, but no statistically significant association was observed between oral hygiene conditions in the two groups (Fisher's exact test 0.47, P=0.79). Biochemical saliva composition was very similar in the two groups; only the urea concentration was lower in TM, and this difference was statistically significant ( P=0.002). The TM patients had an increased presence of mutans streptococci at detectable levels. Our findings confirm that, although no substantial differences were found between the two observed groups, further investigations are needed to determine the theoretical risk of oral diseases in thalassemic patients. 10.1007/s00784-002-0179-y
A pilot beta-thalassaemia screening program in the Albanian population for a health planning program. Baghernajad-Salehi Leila,D'Apice Maria Rosaria,Babameto-Laku Anila,Biancolella Michela,Mitre Anila,Russo Silvia,Di Daniele Nicola,Sangiuolo Federica,Mokini Vahe,Novelli Giuseppe Acta haematologica In Albania, no definite national screening programme of beta-thalassaemia has yet been developed for carrier detection. Only limited information about the occurrence and the types of haemoglobin abnormalities is available. Thus, an educational and screening programme was carried out in one high school with a total of 217 young students from the coastal province of Lushnja in Albania. The pilot programme included a systematic sampling of whole saliva, DNA genomic extraction and the determination of defective beta-thalassaemia genes by reverse dot-blot hybridization with 22 probes specific for the Mediterranean populations.Of the 201 subjects tested, 17 (8.4%) students turned out to be carriers of beta-thalassaemia mutations and haemoglobin variants. The most common mutation is HbS (c.20A-->T) with a frequency of 3.2%, followed by IVS-I-110 (G-->A) (c.93-21G-->A) substitution identified in 4 out of 402 chromosomes (1%). In the province of Lushnja, the frequency of beta-thalassaemia carriers was high. As expected, the results show that identified mutations in this population are similar to those found in the east Mediterranean area, suggesting the same origin for mutant alleles during migratory streams. Implementation of a routine carrier-screening programme is significantly facilitated by the presence of only two mutations and would be a wise approach to prevent beta-thalassaemia in the region. 10.1159/000226423
Development of a High-Resolution Melting Approach for Scanning Beta Globin Gene Point Mutations in the Greek and Other Mediterranean Populations. Chassanidis Christos,Boutou Effrossyni,Voskaridou Ersi,Balassopoulou Angeliki PloS one Beta-thalassaemia is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders worldwide. The disease's high incidence, which is observed in the broader Mediterranean area has led to the establishment of molecular diagnostics' assays to prevent affected births. Therefore, the development of a reliable, cost-effective and rapid scanning method for β globin gene point mutations, easily adapted to a routine laboratory, is absolutely essential. Here, we describe, for the first time, the development of a High-Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA) approach, suitable for scanning the particularly heterogeneous beta globin gene mutations present in the Greek population, and thus adaptable to the Mediterranean and other areas where these mutations have been identified. Within this context, β globin gene regions containing mutations frequently identified in the Greek population were divided in ten overlapping amplicons. Our reactions' setup allowed for the simultaneous amplification of multiple primer sets and partial multiplexing, thereby resulting in significant reduction of the experimental time. DNA samples from β-thalassaemia patients/carriers with defined genotypes were tested. Distinct genotypes displayed distinguishable melting curves, enabling accurate detection of mutations. The described HRMA can be adapted to a high-throughput level. It represents a rapid, simple, cost-effective, reliable, highly feasible and sensitive method for β-thalassaemia gene scanning. 10.1371/journal.pone.0157393
Population-based genetic screening. Cao A,Rosatelli M C,Galanello R Current opinion in genetics & development A preventive genetic programme aimed to control beta-thalassemia in the Sardinian population is based on a combination of increased awareness of the population, carrier screening, genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. As a result, the registry of thalassemia major demonstrated a profound decline in the incidence of this disease from 1 per 250 to 1 per 1200 live births, with 90% of cases effectively prevented.
Thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobin. Fucharoen Suthat,Winichagoon Pranee International journal of hematology Thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobins are common genetic disorders in Asia. Thalassemia is not only an important public health problem but also a socio-economic problem of many countries in the region. The approach to deal with the thalassemic problem is to prevent and control birth of new cases. This requires an accurate identification of the couple at high risk for thalassemia. However, the diagnosis of thalassemia carrier states need several tests which are not practical for screening the population at large. Recently we have used two simple laboratory tests to screen for potential thalassemia carriers and hemoglobin E individuals. There is also a new development in using the automatic HPLC to diagnose thalassemic diseases and the carriers. This system gives both qualitative and quantitative analysis of hemoglobin components in the same run with good precision and reproducibility. The system has been applied to study thalassemia and abnormal Hb in adult and cord blood. This system has enabled us to do both prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of thalassemia within the few minutes. However, none of these screening tests can accurately give specific diagnosis of the thalassemia genotype. Specific thalassemia mutation can be carried out by DNA analysis. Many DNA techniques have been used for point mutation detection and small deletion. For the last few years there is a development of DNA chip technology that has been applied for thalassemia mutation as well. Clinically, thalassemia is very heterogeneous in the manifestation. In spite of seemingly identical genotypes, severity of beta thalassemic patients can vary greatly. Heterogeneity in the clinical manifestation of beta thalassemic diseases may occur from the nature of beta globin gene mutation, alpha thalassemia gene interaction and difference in the amount of Hb F production which is partly associated with a specific beta globin haplotype. However, there is still some beta thalassemia cases that have a mild clinical symptom without those known genetic fators interaction suggesting that there are other additional factors responsible for the mildness of the disease. 10.1007/bf03165094
Invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal thalassemia. Li Dong-Zhi,Yang Yan-Dong Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology Thalassemia is the most common monogenic inherited disease worldwide, affecting individuals originating from many countries to various extents. As the disease requires long-term care, prevention of the homozygous state presents a substantial global disease burden. The comprehensively preventive programs involve carrier detections, molecular diagnostics, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis. Invasive prenatal diagnosis refers to obtaining fetal material by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) at the first trimester, and by amniocentesis or cordocentesis at the second trimester. Molecular diagnosis, which includes multiple techniques that are aimed at the detection of mutations in the α- or β-globin genes, facilitates prenatal diagnosis and definitive diagnosis of the fetus. These are valuable procedures for couples at risk, so that they can be offered options to have healthy offspring. According to local practices and legislation, genetic counseling should accompany the invasive diagnostic procedures, DNA testing, and disclosure of the results. The most critical issue in any type of prenatal molecular testing is maternal cell contamination (MCC), especially when a fetus is found to inherit a particular mutation from the mother. The best practice is to perform MCC studies on all prenatal samples. The recent successful studies of fetal DNA in maternal plasma may allow future prenatal testing that is non-invasive for the fetus and result in significant reduction of invasive diagnostic procedures. 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.10.011
Periodontal condition and orofacial changes in patients with thalassemia major: a clinical and radiographic overview. Hattab F N The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry OBJECTIVE:To assess the prevalence of periodontal disease, orofacial changes and craniofacial abnormalities in patients with thalassemia major (TM). Dental management is discussed STUDY DESIGN:The sample consisted of 54 patients with TM, 31 males and 23 females aged 5.5 to 18.3 years, with the mean age (+/- SD) of 1.6 +/- 3.2 years. The sample was divided into two subgroups according to age. A similar number of unaffected control group matched by age and sex served as a control. Clinical and radiographic examinations were carried out to assess the prevalence of changes caused by this disorder. Student's t-test was used to compare the means between thalassemic group and the control group. The Chi-square test was employed to determine statistical differences in frequencies between the two groups. RESULTS:Poor oral hygiene and gingivitis were observed in 61.1% and 43.0% of the thalassemic patients, respectively. The overall mean plaque score was 1.66 +/- 0.51 and gingival score 1.43 +/- 0.59. In all tested periodontal parameters, a higher frequency and severity were noted in the thalassemic patients compared with controls. More than half of the patients exhibited frontal bossing, saddle nose and to less extent maxillary protrusion; giving in severe cases (16.7%) a "chipmunk" like appearance. Dental discoloration and pallor oral mucosa were noted in 44.4% and 38.9%, respectively. Dental/jaw pain was reported by 40.0% and headache by 29.6% of the patients. Increased overjet was evident in 25.9% of the patients. The majority of the patients had thickened frontal bone (66.7%), and thinned inferior border of the mandible (64.6%). Widened dipolic spaces and spiky roots and were observed in one-third of the patients. The ramus length and width in the patients were significantly smaller than in controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:TM may particularly diagnose through orofacial abnormalities. Dentists required understanding the complications and management of the disease.
Alterations in conjunctival cytology and tear film dysfunction in patients with beta-thalassemia. Gartaganis S P,Georgakopoulos C D,Exarchou A,Mela E K,Psachoulia C,Eliopoulou M I,Kourakli A,Gotsis S S,Tripathi R C Cornea PURPOSE:Patients with beta-thalassemia (beta-tha) represent a group with lifelong transfusion-dependent anemias. This study aimed to describe the conjunctival changes and tear film parameters in these patients. METHODS:A total of 52 patients (104 eyes) with beta-tha major and 22 normal control subjects (44 eyes) were studied during 1999 through 2000. Tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer test, rose Bengal staining, and cytologic evaluation of the conjunctival epithelium were performed in all subjects. The Papanicolaou and May-Grümwald-Giemsa staining procedures were performed on all smears. Patients and control subjects were compared for tear function parameters and conjunctival changes. RESULTS:The BUT, Schirmer test, and rose Bengal staining values were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in beta-tha patients than in control subjects. Keratinized cells were observed in conjunctival samples in 41% of patients, with a decrease in the number of goblet cells per slide in 64% of patients. In 9% of beta-tha patients, there were a slightly greater number of inflammatory cells than in control eyes. CONCLUSION:Ocular surface disorder of these patients was characterized by goblet cell loss and conjunctival squamous metaplasia. Our findings were correlated positively with the variable age. Epithelial damage by toxic reaction and disorder of tear quality and quantity are implicated as important factors in the pathogenesis of the ocular surface disease in beta-tha patients.
Necrotizing stomatitis: a possible periodontal manifestation of deferiprone-induced agranulocytosis. Tewari Shikha,Tewari Sanjay,Sharma Rajinder K,Abrol Pankaj,Sen Rajeev Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics Thalassemia major is a rare inherited anemia, and affected children require blood transfusions every 2-4 weeks to survive. Repeated blood transfusions lead to a build-up of toxic levels of iron in the body, causing organ damage and premature death, primarily due to iron-induced heart disease. Deferiprone is one of a few drugs that are routinely used in medicine for the treatment of iron overload in thalassemic patients. This drug is usually administered daily at high doses (50-100 mg/kg) with a very low toxicity. Agranulocytosis is the most serious side effect of deferiprone, with a reported incidence of 0.6 per 100 patient-years. We document an illustrated case report of necrotizing gingivostomatitis, an oral manifestation of agranulocytosis secondary to deferiprone use involving the gingiva and palatal mucosa of a thalassemia major patient. Various causes of precipitation of agranulocytosis in these patients and a possible relationship of necrotizing gingivostomatitis with deferiprone are highlighted in this case report. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.06.021
Non-Invasive DNA Sampling for Molecular Analysis of Beta-Thalassemia: Amiable Alternative Sampling Methods with Accurate Results for Pediatric Patients. Abd Rahim Mohd Rashdan,Kho Siew-Leng,Kuppusamy Umah Rani,Tan Jin-Ai Mary Anne Clinical laboratory BACKGROUND:Beta-thalassemia is the most common genetic disorder in Malaysia. Confirmation of the β-globin gene mutations involved in thalassemia is usually carried out by molecular analysis of DNA extracted from leukocytes in whole blood. Molecular analysis is generally carried out when affected children are around 1 - 2 years as clinical symptoms are expressed during this period. Blood taking at this age can be distressing for the child. High yield and pure DNA extracted from non-invasive sampling methods can serve as alternative samples in molecular studies for genetic diseases especially in pediatric cases. METHODS:In this study, mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples were collected from β-thalassemia major patients who had previously been characterized using DNA extracted from peripheral blood. DNA was extracted from mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples using the conventional inexpensive phenol-chloroform method and was measured by spectrophotometry for yield and purity. Molecular characterization of β-globin gene mutations was carried out using the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). RESULTS:DNA extracted from mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples produced high concentration and pure DNA. The purified DNA was successfully amplified using ARMS. Results of the β-globin gene mutations using DNA from the three non-invasive samples were in 100% concordance with results from DNA extracted from peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS:The conventional in-house developed methods for non-invasive sample collection and DNA extraction from these samples are effective and negate the use of more expensive commercial kits. In conclusion, DNA extracted from mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples provided sufficiently high amounts of pure DNA suitable for molecular analysis of β-thalassemia. 10.7754/clin.lab.2015.150218
[Oromaxillofacial changes in thalassemia major]. De Mattia D,Pettini P L,Sabato V,Rubini G,Laforgia A,Schettini F Minerva pediatrica Sixty patients (31 male and 29 female) with thalassemia major, aged between 6 and 26 years, 18 of which were splenectomized, were observed in this study evaluating the oro-maxillo-facial alterations and correlating them to transfusion indexes, serum ferritin levels, splenectomy and age. For each patient a haematologic and odontostomatologic card was filed with a view to report the medical and clinical history regarding: the haematologic picture, the prevention of caries and parodontal disease, the facies characteristics, the odonto-stomatologic examination, the orthodontic diagnosis, the skull X-rays and the orthopantomography. Poor oral hygiene as well as misknowledge of prevention were generally observed. All the patients showed carious lesions but most of them had never seen a dentist for therapy. The disharmonious growth of splanchnocranium, with the enlargement of the jaw and of its alveolar process, induced by the bone marrow hyperplasia, produced various and serious malocclusion stages (Angle's II class, deep bite, open bite), gnathologic alterations, hypodiaphanous paranasal sinuses and orbital hypertelorism, with a typical oriental-like facies. Malocclusion and the poor oral hygienic conditions determined the occurrence of marginal gingivitis, mainly localized at the level of the lower frontal teeth. In only 3 patients the oral mucous membrane was pale and atrophic. During this investigation agenesia and dental retention were reported in 30% and in 26% of the examined cases respectively, while no patients had supernumerary teeth. Tooth volume, position and shape abnormalities rarely occurred. Only in two patients was enamel hypoplasia described. The caries frequency greatly varied in number and in degree. Only five patients did not show any carious lesions. The caries index (DMF) for the permanent teeth calculated in all the 60 subjects was 5, 12 +/- 4.76. By utilizing Spearman's rank test the number of teeth with caries in the permanent dentition (DFM) and in the mixed dentition (DFM + dmf) was correlated to the average value of ferritin, with the ferritin peak, with transfusion requirements and with the age of the patient at the date of the clinical examination. A significant inverse correlation was therefore demonstrated between transfusion requirements and caries in the mixed dentition. The chi 2 test was used to assess the different frequency of the caries index (above 5) between splenectomized and non-splenectomized patients. Splenectomy proved to be associated only apparently to the total number of patients with more than 5 caries. Conversely, in the non-splenectomized group the frequency of patients with more than 5 caries was definitely lower. Indeed the overall number of caries in both groups of splenectomized and non-splenectomized subjects, of the same average age, was almost identical. Consequently, splenectomy and the higher number of caries are statistically more probable in individuals affected by thalassemia, of increasing age, without however being mutually correlated.
Preimplantation genetic diagnostic protocols for alpha- and beta-thalassaemias using multiplex fluorescent PCR. Piyamongkol W,Harper J C,Delhanty J D,Wells D Prenatal diagnosis Haemoglobinopathies including alpha- and beta-thalassaemia are the world's most common class of single gene disorder. Prenatal diagnosis (PND) for beta-thalassaemia has been proven to be an effective strategy for controlling the incidence of new cases and is widely used in several countries where the disease is common. Successful preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) protocols for beta-thalassaemia have been introduced using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). However, contamination and allele dropout (ADO) remain an important concern for all of these strategies. In the present study two PGD protocols for detecting beta-thalassaemia mutations (codon 41-42 and IVSI-110) and one for alpha-thalassaemia (SEA mutation) have been designed and tested. These methods contain failsafe mechanisms to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis due to ADO or contamination and utilise multiplex fluorescent PCR (F-PCR). Interestingly, amplification efficiency and ADO were significantly affected by the choice of DNA polymerase and the freshness of the single cells used. The close similarity between the DNA sequences of beta-globin and delta-globin was also found to be an important issue that necessitated careful design of primers for the beta-globin gene.
Estimation of iron overloads using oral exfoliative cytology in beta-thalassemia major patients. Leekha Swati,Nayar Amit Kumar,Bakshi Preeti,Sharma Aman,Parhar Swati,Soni Sugandhi CytoJournal BACKGROUND:Iron overload is a medical condition that occurs when too much of the mineral iron builds up inside the body and produces a toxic reaction. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis, which requires regular blood transfusion therapy, and the lack of specific excretory pathways for iron in humans leads to iron overload in the body tissues. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. The estimation of iron levels in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells may provide a simple, noninvasive, and a safe procedure for estimating the iron overload by using the Perls' Prussian blue stain. METHODS:Smears were obtained from buccal mucosa of 40 randomly selected beta-thalassemia major patients and 40 healthy subjects as controls. Smears were stained with Perls' Prussian blue method. Blood samples were taken for estimation of serum ferritin levels. Images of smears were analyzed using the software image J software version 1.47v and correlated with serum ferritin. RESULTS:Perls' positivity was observed in 87.5% of thalassemic patients with a positive correlation to serum ferritin levels. CONCLUSION:The use of exfoliative buccal mucosal cells for the evaluation of iron overloads in the body provides us with a diagnostic medium that is noninvasive, easy to collect, store, and transport, cost effective, and above all reliable. 10.4103/1742-6413.178993
Single-cell sequencing and mini-sequencing for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Bermudez Mercedes G,Piyamongkol Wirawit,Tomaz Susana,Dudman Evelyn,Sherlock Jon K,Wells Dagan Prenatal diagnosis There is increasing interest in the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) as an alternative to routine prenatal diagnosis. However, the costs associated with development and testing of new PGD protocols have forced some PGD centres to limit the number of diseases for which PGD is offered. One of the main factors in the design of new protocols, which affects cost and accuracy, is the choice of the mutation-detection technique. We have assessed the reliability of DNA sequencing and mini-sequencing for clinical diagnosis at the single-cell level and have found them to be rapid and accurate. Extensive optimisation for individual mutations is not usually necessary when employing these versatile techniques and consequently a smaller investment of time and resources should be required during development of new protocols. Additionally, we report single-cell protocols for the diagnoses of cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia and beta-thalassaemia, which utilise mini-sequencing. Unlike most mutation-detection techniques, mini-sequencing permits analysis of very small DNA fragments. Small amplicons experience low allele dropout (ADO) rates, and consequently this approach could potentially improve the reliability of PGD. 10.1002/pd.658
Buccal Mucosa Exfoliative Cell Prussian Blue Stain Co-Relates with Iron Overload in β-Thalassemia Major Patients. Gajaria Pooja K,Maheshwari Ujwala M,Borkar D B,Dhar Reeta,Pancholi Varsha Indian journal of hematology & blood transfusion : an official journal of Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Thalassemics require regular blood transfusion therapy leading to iron overload in the body tissues, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. We hereby attempted to measure this iron overload by means of exfoliative cytology, a non-invasive and inexpensive technique. The aims and objectives of our study were: 1. To detect iron overload by oral exfoliative cytology using Perl's Prussian blue stain in β-thalassemia major patients. 2. To correlate staining positivity with serum ferritin levels. Smears were obtained from buccal mucosa of 50 β-thalassemia major patients (who had taken more than 12 transfusions) and 25 healthy subjects of the same age group as controls. Smears were stained with Perl's Prussian blue. Blood samples were taken from the study group for estimation of serum ferritin levels. Grading criteria were defined for assessing the Prussian blue positivity. Perl's positivity was observed in 49 out of 50 of thalassemic patients (98%). 1 patient had Grade 0, 7 patients had Grade I, 5 had Grade II, 12 had Grade III, 14 had Grade IV while 11 patients had Grade V positivity. Spearman Rank's Correlation Co-efficient was 0.38, signifying a weak positive correlation between positivity of buccal smears for Perl's Prussian blue staining and respective serum ferritin levels. Perl's Prussian blue staining of exfoliated cells from buccal mucosa can be used to assess iron overload in β-thalassemia major patients, as a screening as well as diagnostic tool. With the grading system we can give a semi-quantitative assessment of the same. 10.1007/s12288-017-0801-4
Implications of β-thalassemia on oral health status in patients: A cross-sectional study. Journal of family medicine and primary care Background:β-Thalassemia is a chronic disease of autosomal recessive origin that is identified by the presence of a severe form of anemia. This hematological disease has been shown to directly influence a person's physical as well as psychological well-being along with their families. Aim:This study aimed to find an association between dental health status and oral health-related quality of life (QoL) among children who have been diagnosed with β-thalassemia. Materials and Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the dental outpatient department; blood bank and pediatric outpatient departments that were associated with the primary institute. All study participants were age-ranged from 3 to 15 years. Informed written consent was obtained from caregivers or parents of all the study participants. This study was conducted for a total duration of 1 year (from June 2020 to June 2021). All study participants were categorized into two groups: (a) Group I ( = 150) comprised children who were diagnosed with β-thalassemia and (b) Group II ( = 150) comprised normal controls. Exclusion criteria in the study included children suffering from any systemic disease that predisposes them to dental caries or periodontal diseases. The intra-oral examination was performed using Decayed-Missing-Filled Teeth Index (DMFT/dmft Index) and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). Assessment of QoL was done by using the "Child Perceptions Questionnaire for children." Collected data were recorded in Microsoft Excel workbook, 2007. Statistical comparison between both the groups was performed by using statistical tools such as the Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent -test, and Mann-Whitney test. The probability values lesser than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results:Maxillofacial findings-rodent facies, saddle nose, lip incompetence, pale oral mucosa, anterior open-bite, lower anterior teeth crowding, and maxillary anterior teeth spacing or crowding-were seen. Class II malocclusion was present in significant numbers of subjects. On comparing dmft/DMFT scores, no significance was observed while on comparing OHI-S index, statistical significance was seen. A statistically significant difference in the QoL was noted between thalassemic children and the control group. Conclusion:Thalassemic children showed a significant association between dental health and QoL. 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1215_21
The validity of pallor as a clinical sign of anemia in cases with beta-thalassemia. Yalçin S Songül,Unal Selma,Gümrük Fatma,Yurdakök Kadriye The Turkish journal of pediatrics Pallor is deemed useful in the evaluation of patients suspected of anemia, although its perceived presence or absence may be misleading in cases with increased pigmentation with iron, melanin, or bilirubin. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of pallor in the detection of anemia in children with beta-thalassemia as an iron overload model. Patients with beta-thalassemia A aged 2 to 32 years who were admitted to the Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Ihsan Doğramaci Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey were assessed for the presence of pallor in three anatomic sites (palm, conjunctiva, buccal mucosa) by a trained pediatrician. Overall, 105 observations were done. The mean age of the patients was 14.7 +/- 6.5 years. The mean hemoglobin (Hb) value was 10.0 +/- 1.2 g/dl (range: 5.4-12.6 g/dl). The sensitivities of palmar, buccal and conjunctival pallor for identifying thalassemic children with anemia were 93.2, 80.7 and 90.9%, respectively. Cases with Hb values less than 11 g/dl could be easily detected by conjunctival pallor, independent of serum ferritin levels. However, there were significant associations between the presence of palmar or buccal pallor and the presence of anemia in children with serum ferritin levels lower than 2500 microg/L. Palmar pallor alone had the highest sensitivity and lowest specificity to detect anemia in cases with beta-thalassemia. Conjunctival pallor was more useful than buccal and palmar pallor in cases with high ferritin levels. Further studies are necessary to detect the validity of pallor in different underlying diseases with anemia.