logo logo
Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's disease BACKGROUND:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising therapeutic tool for Parkinson's disease (PD), and many stimulation targets have been implicated. We aim to explore whether low-frequency rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) improves motor and nonmotor symptoms of individuals with PD. METHODS:We conducted a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled parallel trial to compare the effect of 10 consecutive daily sessions of 1 Hz rTMS over right DLPFC on individuals with idiopathic PD between active and sham rTMS group. Primary outcomes were changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III and Nonmotor Symptom Questionnaire (NMSQ). Secondary outcomes were changes in UPDRS total score, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Assessments were completed at baseline, after treatment, and at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS:A total of 33 participants with PD were randomized. All participants completed the study and no severe adverse effect was noticed. Compared to baseline, active rTMS showed significant improvements in UPDRS part III and NMSQ at 1 month. Change of scores on UPDRS part III, HRSD, and PSQI persisted for 3 months after rTMS intervention. The beneficial effect on cognitive performance assessed by MoCA was maintained for at least 6 months in the follow-up. No significant changes were observed in the group with sham rTMS. CONCLUSIONS:Low-frequency rTMS of right DLPFC could be a potential selection in managing motor and nonmotor symptoms in PD. 10.1155/2020/7295414
Effectiveness of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression and Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. Qin Bin,Chen Hong,Gao Wen,Zhao Li-Bo,Zhao Ming-Jun,Qin Hui-Xun,Yang Ming-Xiu Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment AIM:This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) for the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS:The design was a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The participants were patients with PD who suffered from depression. The interventions were HF-rTMS alone or in combination with other treatments compared with sham-rTMS, placebo, and anti-depressant treatments. The primary outcome measure was changes in depressive symptoms, defined as the mean change in the total depression score. The secondary outcome was changes in motor symptoms, defined by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III scores, and the acceptability, defined as the risk of all-cause discontinuation. These were expressed as mean differences (MDs), standardized mean differences (SMDs), or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:We identified nine suitable trials, with data from 332 participants. For the patients with depression in PD, HF-rTMS was not better than sham-rTMS (SMD =-0.33, 95% CI -0.83 to 0.17) or selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (SMD =0.07, 95% CI -0.52 to 0.18) for the treatment of depressive symptoms. However, the motor benefits after treatment with HF-rTMS might be better than sham-rTMS (MD =-2.80, 95% CI -5.45 to -0.15) and SSRIs (MD =-2.70, 95% CI -4.51 to -0.90). CONCLUSION:This meta-analysis provides some evidence that in patients with PD with depression, HF-rTMS may lead to improvement in motor function but not in depression compared with sham-rTMS or SSRIs. 10.2147/NDT.S156695
Neuromodulation Approaches in Parkinson's Disease Using Deep Brain Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Cleary Ryan T,Bucholz Richard Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive motor (such as resting tremor, hypokinesia, postural instability) and non-motor symptoms (such as neuropsychiatric decline and autonomic dysfunction). Since its introduction in the late 1980s, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has revolutionized the treatment of PD. Initially used in patients' with advanced PD with either medically refractory motor symptoms or medication intolerance, DBS typically provides excellent improvement in motor symptoms. Indications for DBS have continued to expand, with demonstrated efficacy in early PD and essential tremor, and promising preliminary results in the treatment of epilepsy, psychiatric disease, and depression. Advancements in DBS hardware, programming, neuroimaging, and surgical techniques have led to progressive improvement in efficacy and safety profiles. Thanks to ongoing research into remote programming, adaptive DBS, new targets, and alternative interventions, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, the opportunities for further improvements in DBS and neuromodulation are bright. 10.1177/08919887211018269
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in animal models of neurodegeneration. Neural regeneration research Brain stimulation techniques offer powerful means of modulating the physiology of specific neural structures. In recent years, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation, have emerged as therapeutic tools for neurology and neuroscience. However, the possible repercussions of these techniques remain unclear, and there are few reports on the incisive recovery mechanisms through brain stimulation. Although several studies have recommended the use of non-invasive brain stimulation in clinical neuroscience, with a special emphasis on TMS, the suggested mechanisms of action have not been confirmed directly at the neural level. Insights into the neural mechanisms of non-invasive brain stimulation would unveil the strategies necessary to enhance the safety and efficacy of this progressive approach. Therefore, animal studies investigating the mechanisms of TMS-induced recovery at the neural level are crucial for the elaboration of non-invasive brain stimulation. Translational research done using animal models has several advantages and is able to investigate knowledge gaps by directly targeting neuronal levels. In this review, we have discussed the role of TMS in different animal models, the impact of animal studies on various disease states, and the findings regarding brain function of animal models after TMS in pharmacology research. 10.4103/1673-5374.317962
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with Parkinson's disease and treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study. Randver René,Davel Külli,Toomsoo Toomas Neurocase An increasing amount of evidence is showing the therapeutic effects of rTMS on PD-related non-motor functions neuroanatomically linked to the DLPFC. This presents an ongoing need to apply an optimal combination of stimulation parameters to clinically heterogeneous patient populations, including those with neuropsychiatric problems and other comorbidities along with the neurodegenerative process. In this prospective pilot study, six patients with PD and treatment-resistant depression were thoroughly assessed and carefully monitored before, during, and after each stimulation procedure. The results can provide the basis for developing an extended rTMS protocol that is both effective and safe. 10.1080/13554794.2019.1636069
[Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depressive disorder in Parkinson's disease]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova The prevalence of affective disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is significantly higher than in the general population of people of the same age. It is known that the effectiveness of antidepressants in PD with depressive disorder is lower than in patients with primary depression. For depression resistant to standard treatments, other therapeutic strategies are available. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is one of the most popular and safe brain stimulation methods that has been successfully used to treat primary depression. The accumulation of experience in the use of TMS has made it possible to expand the application of the method to other diseases, including PD. The article provides literature data on the use of different TMS protocols for the treatment of depressive disorder in patients with PD. 10.17116/jnevro202212209179
Physiologically informed neuromodulation. Journal of the neurological sciences The rapid evolution of neuromodulation techniques includes an increasing amount of research into stimulation paradigms that are guided by patients' neurophysiology, to increase efficacy and responder rates. Treatment personalisation and target engagement have shown to be effective in fields such as Parkinson's disease, and closed-loop paradigms have been successfully implemented in cardiac defibrillators. Promising avenues are being explored for physiologically informed neuromodulation in psychiatry. Matching the stimulation frequency to individual brain rhythms has shown some promise in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Matching the phase of those rhythms may further enhance neuroplasticity, for instance when combining TMS with electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Resting-state EEG and event-related potentials may be useful to demonstrate connectivity between stimulation sites and connected areas. These techniques are available today to the psychiatrist to diagnose underlying sleep disorders, epilepsy, or lesions as contributing factors to the cause of depression. These technologies may also be useful in assessing the patient's brain network status prior to deciding on treatment options. Ongoing research using invasive recordings may allow for future identification of mood biomarkers and network structure. A core limitation is that biomarker research may currently be limited by the internal heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders according to the current DSM-based classifications. New approaches are being developed and may soon be validated. Finally, care must be taken when incorporating closed-loop capabilities into neuromodulation systems, by ensuring the safe operation of the system and understanding the physiological dynamics. Neurophysiological tools are rapidly evolving and will likely define the next generation of neuromodulation therapies. 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120121
Non-invasive brain stimulation for treating psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia BACKGROUND:Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), especially repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), is a promising therapeutic tool for managing the psychiatric symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). This meta-analysis aims to assess the effect of NIBS on psychiatric symptoms in patients with PD. METHODS:Several electronic databases were systematically searched for relevant literature from inception to October 18, 2021. The therapeutic effects of NIBS were evaluated using a random-effects meta-analysis based on the standard mean difference (SMD) and multivariable-adjusted effect estimates and subgroup analyses. Publication bias and sensitivity analyses were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS:Finally, 57 and 15 studies with 4,010 participants were obtained from the meta-analysis and systematic review, respectively. Significant differences were found between NIBS and sham-stimulation/placebo participants for depression (SMD = -0.75, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: -0.99 to -0.50, I = 79 %), and rTMS combined with antidepressant therapy and antidepressant alone for depression (SMD = -0.98, 95 % CI: -1.37 to -0.59, I = 87 %) and anxiety (SMD = -1.46, 95 % CI: -2.44 to -0.48, I = 95 %). Meanwhile, lower risks were observed for post-treatment compared with pre-treatment for depression (relative risk [RR] = 0.66, 95 % CI: 0.57-0.76, I = 96 %) and anxiety (RR = 0.66, 95 % CI: 0.60-0.73, I = 67 %). CONCLUSIONS:NIBS can be considered an effective non-pharmacological option for treating PD depression; moreover, rTMS combined with antidepressants was demonstrated to be a useful tool against depression and anxiety in PD. 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.10.013
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Implications for Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Rektorová Irena,Anderková Ľubomíra International review of neurobiology Transcranial noninvasive brain stimulation includes both repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). TMS uses a rapidly changing magnetic field to induce currents and action potentials in underlying brain tissue, whereas tDCS involves the application of weak electrical currents to modulate neuronal membrane potential. In this chapter, we provide a literature review with a focus on the therapeutic potential of both techniques in the treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). On the whole, the results of studies are rather preliminary but promising as they show some positive effects of rTMS and tDCS particularly on depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions in PD. More carefully controlled trials with standardized methodology, adequately sized and well-characterized samples, and the inclusion of multimodal approaches are warranted in the future. 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.009
Antidepressant Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over Prefrontal Cortex of Parkinson's Disease Patients With Depression: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to determine the optimal rTMS parameters, such as the intensity, frequency and the delivered pattern of rTMS stimulation. EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Cochrane data bases were researched for papers published before March 12, 2018. Studies investigating the anti-depression effects of rTMS over PFC in patients with PD were considered. The main outcomes of pre- and post-rTMS treatment as well as score changes were all extracted. The mean effect size was estimated by calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) by using fixed or random effect models as appropriate. Nine studies containing 137 PD patients with depression were included. The pooled results showed significant pre-post anti-depressive effects of rTMS over PFC in PD patients with depression (SMD = -0.80, < 0.00001). The subgroup analyses of stimulation intensity, frequencies, and models also revealed significant effects (Intensities: 90% RMT: SMD = -1.16, = 0.0006; >100% RMT: SMD = -0.82, < 0.0001. Frequencies: < 1.0 Hz: SMD = -0.83, = 0.03; 5.0 Hz: SMD = -1.10, < 0.0001; ≥10.0 Hz: SMD = -0.55, = 0.02. Models: Continuous: SMD = -0.79, < 0.0001; Discontinuous: SMD = -0.84, = 0.02). But the results of the studies with place-controlled designs were not significant (Overall: SMD = -0.27, = 0.54. Intensities: 90% RMT: SMD = 0.27, = 0.68; 100% RMT: SMD = -0.32, = 0.33. Frequencies: 5.0 Hz: SMD = -0.87, = 0.10; ≥10.0 Hz: SMD = 0.27, = 0.66. Models: Continuous: SMD = -0.28, = 0.68; Discontinuous: SMD = -0.32, = 0.33). The greater effect sizes of rTMS with 90% RMT, 5.0 Hz in discontinuous days can be observed rather than the other parameters in both kinds of analyses across study design. rTMS may have a significant positive pre-post anti-depressive effect over PFC on patients with depression, especially by using 5.0 Hz frequency with 90% RMT intensity in discontinuous days, which may produce better effects than other parameters. The real effect, though, was not different from that of the placebo. Future studies with larger sample sizes and high-quality studies are needed to further corroborate our results and to identify the optimal rTMS protocols. 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00769
Scope of add on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating depression in Parkinson's disease. CNS spectrums 10.1017/S1092852922000049
Non-pharmacological treatment for Parkinson disease patients with depression: a meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive-behavioral treatment. The International journal of neuroscience Nowadays, antidepressants still are the mainstay of treatment for depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) but some recent studies report that medication might aggravate motor symptoms in PD patients. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effect of non-pharmacological treatments for depression in patients with PD. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The participants were PD patients with comorbid depression (dPD). The interventions had the equivalent effect of non-pharmacological treatments alone compared with control(s). Scores of depression scale were selected as the primary outcome, while scores of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III and the incidence of side effects were the secondary outcome. The statistics were pooled and presented as weighted mean differences (WMDs), standardized mean differences (SMDs), or risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fifteen articles were eventually included; twelve studies reported on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and three used cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Other interventions failed to have qualified studies. Our data indicated that both rTMS and CBT could significantly improve depression scores in a short term (SMD = -0.621, 95% CI [-0.964, -0.278]; SMD = -1.148, 95% CI [-1.498, -0.798], respectively). In addition, rTMS could alleviate motor symptom (WMD = -2.617, 95% CI [-4.183, -1.051]) and was relatively safe (RR = 1.054, 95% CI [0.698, 1.592]). Our data suggest that rTMS can safely alleviate depression and motor symptoms in dPD at least for a short period. Moreover, compared with clinical monitoring, CBT can improve depressive symptoms. 10.1080/00207454.2020.1744591
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to alleviate depression and cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson's disease: A review and clinical implications. Randver René Journal of the neurological sciences The rapid methodological development and growing availability of neuromodulation techniques have spurred myriad studies investigating their clinical effectiveness. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has in many instances been proven to exert antidepressant-like effects superior to placebo and equivalent to standard psychopharmacological treatment. Due to the similar neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of executive and affective control processes, rTMS to the DLPFC may be able to address multiple issues simultaneously. This review pools available literature on the therapeutic usage of rTMS on non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease associated with the DLPFC (i.e. mood disturbance and cognitive impairment). To the best of the author's knowledge, it is one of the few available of its' kind, up to this date. Most studies included in the review found beneficial effects of high frequency prefrontal rTMS on PD-related depression. In regard to the usability of rTMS to alleviate cognitive impairment associated with PD, definitive claims are yet to be established. 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.014
The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Parkinson disease patients with depression. Hai-Jiao Wang,Ge Tan,Li-Na Zhu,Deng Chen,Da Xu,Shan-Shan Chu,Liu Ling The International journal of neuroscience To evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Parkinson disease (PD) patients with depression. A meta-analysis was performed using relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from online databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Online Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Studies were selected according to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the quality of the studies was evaluated using the Jadad Scale. All data were pooled by RevMan 5.2 software for meta-analysis. The review covered 528 articles, and 7 articles with Jadad score ≥4 were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis showed that, compared to sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (sham-rTMS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) improved depression, but that there was no significant difference in depression improvement between rTMS and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. In contrast, rTMS over DLPFC did not improve motor function compared to sham-rTMS or SSRI, and the studies that included neurocognitive measures showed no significant difference between rTMS and sham-rTMS. This meta-analysis provides evidence that rTMS over DLPFC can improve depression similar to SSRI treatment, has no effect on the motor function and cognition of PD patients with depression. 10.1080/00207454.2018.1495632
Treating refractory depression in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Lesenskyj Alexandra M,Samples Megan P,Farmer Jill M,Maxwell Christina R Translational neurodegeneration BACKGROUND:Parkinson's disease (PD) is often accompanied by clinically identified depression. Providing effective pharmacotherapies that concomitantly treat both motor and psychological symptoms can pose a challenge to physicians. For this reason, alternatives to standard anti-depressant treatments, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have been evaluated within the Parkinson's population. METHODS:A literature search was conducted on the PubMed database for all studies that evaluated rTMS as a treatment in patients with both depression and PD. A meta-analysis was performed on all studies that reported mean pre- and post-rTMS depression inventory scores. Widely used depression inventories included both self-report and clinician-administered measures. Effect size for individual study groups and across all studies was calculated. RESULTS:Six of 7 studies meeting inclusion criteria reported significantly improved depression scores, large effect sizes, and significant -values. Total weighted average effect size was calculated at 1.32 across all study groups that applied rTMS. CONCLUSIONS:Across all but one study, rTMS appears to effectively reduce depression scores among self-reported and clinician administered inventories. The total weight average effect size showed that, when considering study sample sizes and degree of findings, this form of neurostimulation can relieve PD patients of their depressive symptoms. Further, rTMS is a promising alternative to traditional anti-depressant therapies when treating refractory depression in patients with PD. 10.1186/s40035-018-0113-0
Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves depression, anxiety and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Heliyon Background:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a potential treatment option for Parkinson's disease patients with depression (DPD), but conflicting results in previous studies have questioned its efficacy. Method:To investigate the safety and efficacy of neuronavigated high-frequency rTMS at the left DLPFC in DPD patients, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study (NCT04707378). Sixty patients were randomly assigned to either a sham or active stimulation group and received rTMS for ten consecutive days. The primary outcome was HAMD, while secondary outcomes included HAMA, MMSE, MoCA and MDS-UPDRS-III. Assessments were performed at baseline, immediately after treatment, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks post-treatment. Results:The GEE analysis showed that the active stimulation group had significant improvements in depression, anxiety, and motor symptoms at various time points. Specifically, there were significant time-by-group interaction effects in depression immediately after treatment (β, -4.34 [95% CI, -6.90 to -1.74;  = 0.001]), at 2 weeks post-treatment (β, -3.66 [95% CI, -6.43 to -0.90;  = 0.010]), and at 4 weeks post-treatment (β, -4.94 [95% CI, -7.60 to -2.29;  < 0.001]). Similarly, there were significant time-by-group interaction effects in anxiety at 4 weeks post-treatment (β, -2.65 [95% CI, -4.96 to -0.34;  = 0.024]) and in motor symptoms immediately after treatment (β, -5.72 [95% CI, -9.10 to -2.34;  = 0.001] and at 4 weeks post-treatment (β, -5.43 [95% CI, -10.24 to -0.61;  = 0.027]). Conclusion:The study suggested that neuronavigated high-frequency rTMS at left DLPFC is effective for depression, anxiety, and motor symptoms in PD patients. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18364