Anti-inflammatory effects of mung bean protein hydrolysate on the lipopolysaccharide- induced RAW264.7 macrophages.
Food science and biotechnology
The anti-inflammatory effects of mung bean protein hydrolysate (MBPH) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages were investigated herein. MBPH was shown to affect the cell morphology, proliferation, cell cycle, cytokine levels at different culture times, and the expression level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). The obtained results revealed that different fractions of MBPH promote cell proliferation, alter the cell cycle by decreasing the proportion of cells in the S stage and increasing the proportion of cells in the G2 stage, increase the expression of cytokines, included IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and negatively affect the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines. Based on the analysis of cytokine expression at different points in time, it is concluded that cytokine secretion of MBPH-treated group reaches a peak at 24 h, the result was significantly different compared to other treatment groups ( < 0.05). It can be observed that the inflammatory response induced by LPS in the MBPH-III treatment group is reduced compared with other fractions ( < 0.05). In addition, MBPH inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the nuclear transcription of p65 and phosphorylation of IκBα in macrophages induced by LPS. Our results demonstrated that lower molecular weight MBPH exerted stronger anti-inflammatory effects than other molecular fractions. Thus, MBPH could be utilized as a functional food ingredient to prevent inflammation in chronic diseases.
10.1007/s10068-022-01104-0
Anti-inflammatory activity and structural identification of a sulfated polysaccharide CLGP4 from Caulerpa lentillifera.
Sun Yujiao,Liu Zhengqi,Song Shuang,Zhu Beiwei,Zhao Lili,Jiang Jinju,Liu Ning,Wang Jing,Chen Xuefeng
International journal of biological macromolecules
In the present study, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of four purified polysaccharides (CLGP1, CLGP2, CLGP3 and CLGP4) extracted from edible green algae Caulerpa lentillifera was evaluated. As a result, CLGP4 exhibited more effectively inhibitory effect on LPS-induced HT29 cells, including reducing the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, SIgA and mucin2, and decreasing the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. According to the results, CLGP4 showed a better anti-inflammatory effect, might highly related to the presence of sulfate groups. Furthermore, the structure of CLGP4 was analyzed by methylation analysis, GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. It was found that CLGP4 was a novel xylogalactomanan consisting of β-(1 → 4)-Man, →2,4)Man(1→, β-(1 → 2)-Man, β-(1 → 3)-Gal, β-(1 → 4)-Xyl, terminal β-Gal and terminal β-Xyl residues. Additionally, the sulfate groups were located on C-3 of →4)Xyl(1→, C-6 of →3)Gal(1→ and C-3 of →2)Man(1→. These results could enlarge the potential application of CLGP4 as functional ingredient to attenuate inflammation.
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.216
Post-screening characterization of an acidic polysaccharide from with potent anti-inflammatory properties .
Li Qiu,Yang Fenfang,Hou Ranran,Huang Tingting,Hao Zhihui
Food & function
We extracted and purified three polysaccharides from Echinacea purpurea using pectinase-assisted extraction to obtain crude preparations and optimized the method using an orthogonal analysis. We obtained three polysaccharide fractions (EPPS-1, -2 and -3) using DEAE ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The homogeneity of the fractions was confirmed using high performance gel permeation chromatography. EPPS-3 administered to mice in a LPS-induced septicemia model effectively counteracted the effects of LPS resulting in significantly less lung damage. This trend was also seen in the serum and lung cytokine levels where EPPS-3 significantly decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and increased IL-10. Particularly, we fully characterized the structure of the EPPS-3 polysaccharide using a series of technologies. This polysaccharide structure was mainly composed of →4)-α-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-Galp-(1→, T-α-Araf-(1→, →3,4)-β-GalpA-(1→ glycosidic linkages at a certain proportion. In sum, EPPS-3, with a clear structure, has potent anti-inflammatory activities and is a candidate for further development as an anti-inflammatory agent for clinical development.
10.1039/d0fo01367f
Isolation, characterization and HepG-2 inhibition of a novel proteoglycan from Flammulina velutipes.
Xu Hui,Hu Ye,Hu Qiuhui,Liu Jianhui,Su Anxiang,Xie Minhao,Ma Gaoxing,Pei Fei,Mariga Alfred Mugambi,Yang Wenjian
International journal of biological macromolecules
Flammulina velutipes has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and many bioactive properties with high contents of carbohydrate, proteins and fibers. In this study, a novel proteoglycan with polysaccharide complexes and protein chain, named PGD1-1, was isolated from F. velutipes. The structural characteristics of PGD1-1 were then determined, and its anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic activities against HepG-2 cells were demonstrated in vitro. Results proved that the average molecular weight of PGD1-1 was 32.71 kDa, and the carbohydrate and protein contents were 93.35 and 2.33%, respectively. The protein moiety was bonded to a polysaccharide chain via O-glycosidic linkage. The monosaccharides consisted of d-glucose, D-galactose and D-xylose in a molar ratio of 21.90:2.84:1.00. PGD1-1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG-2 cells by affecting cell lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production. In addition, PGD1-1 promoted the apoptosis of HepG-2 cells, especially the early apoptosis. These findings proved that PGD1-1 was a novel potent ingredient against the proliferation of HepG-2, which will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of the functional ingredients of the F. velutipes.
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.086
Polysaccharides from Aconitum carmichaelii leaves: Structure, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities.
Carbohydrate polymers
Roots of Aconitum carmichaelii are used in Asian countries due to its content of bioactive alkaloids. In the production of root preparations, tons of leaves are usually discarded, leading to a huge waste of herbal material. The aim of this study is to investigate the polysaccharides in these unutilized leaves. A neutral polysaccharide (AL-N) appeared to be a mixture of heteromannans, and two purified acidic polysaccharides (AL-I-I and AL-I-II) were shown to be pectins containing a homogalacturonan backbone substituted with terminal β-Xylp-units. AL-I-I consisted of a type-I rhamnogalacturonan core, with arabinan and type-II arabinogalactan domains while AL-I-II was less branched. AL-N and AL-I-I were able to modulate the complement system, while AL-I-II was inactive. Interestingly, AL-N, AL-I-I and AL-I-II were shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects on porcine enterocyte IPEC-J2 cells. AL-I-I and AL-I-II were able to down-regulate the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1).
10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119655
Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterization of Penthorum chinense polysaccharide with anti-inflammatory effects.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry
Penthorum chinense has been used in both food and medication for many years, and polysaccharide of which was considered as one of the bioactive compounds. However, the extraction process of polysaccharide from P. chinense (PCP) was not well optimized. Ultrasound-assisted extractionhas been widely employed in the extraction of natural products for its compliance with the concept of green and economic chemistry. To better investigate the structure and biology activity of PCP, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of PCP. The optimum extraction for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of PCP were obtained as ratio of solvent to material 40 mL/g, ultrasonic power 380 W, and extraction time of 50 min. The yield of PCP reached 8.71% under these optimized conditions. PCP was further purified by using anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, an acidic fraction PCP-AP-1 was hereby obtained. The results of structural elucidation indicated that PCP-AP-1 was a typical pectic polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 66360 Da, mainly composed of galacturonic acid (68.5 mol%), followed by arabinose (9.8 mol%), rhamnose (9.4 mol%), glucose (7.7 mol%), with homogalacturonan region and rhamnogalacturonan I regions. In vitro study showed that PCP-AP-1 could improve the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in intestinal epithelial cells, which was probably performed through the inhibition of multiple signaling pathways including the inhibition of TLR4, NOD1/2 and NF-κB pathway, as well as the reduction of NLRP3 inflammasome. This study defined the type of polysaccharide present in P. chinense and revealed a potential of application this plant in the prevention of intestinal inflammatory diseases.
10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106593
Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of acid-soluble pectin from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.).
Xiong Baoyi,Zhang Wencheng,Wu Zeyu,Liu Rui,Yang Chengying,Hui Ailing,Huang Xusheng,Xian Zhaojun
International journal of biological macromolecules
Currently, there are few studies on acid-soluble pectin from okra, especially in biological activity for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. In this study, the antioxidant properties of acid-soluble okra pectin components and their anti-inflammatory were explored. Firstly, two acid-soluble okra pectic fractions, namely crude acid-soluble okra pectin (CAOP) and acid-soluble okra pectin (AOP), were obtained and exhibited structural and compositional variation. The two pectic fractions contained a low degree of esterification (42.0-46.5%) and a relatively high uronic acid content (31.6-37.3%). AOP was composed of galacturonic acid (79.1 mol/%), galactose (4.3 mol/%), rhamnose (14.5 mol/%) and xylose (2.1 mol/%), and the molecular weight was 92.8 kDa. Morphological and thermal properties of acid-soluble okra pectin components were also investigated. Compared to CAOP, AOP expressed better antioxidant activity, and suppressed the NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. All the above results indicated that AOP had the potential to act as a natural antioxidant or a functional anti-inflammatory food, which would broaden the development and utilization of okra resources.
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.202
Structural characterization, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory of the phosphorylated polysaccharide from .
Frontiers in nutrition
In this study, a novel polysaccharide (SPN) was extracted by high-temperature pressure method and purified by a DEAE-52 column and a Sephadx G-100 gel column. PPN was obtained after phosphorylation of SPN. The differences of structural features, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory effect of the two polysaccharides were investigated by chemical methods and RAW 264.7 cell model. SPN (Mw = 15.8 kDa) and PPN (Mw = 27.7 kDa) are an acidic polysaccharide with β-pyranose configuration, mainly containing rhamnose, mannose, glucose, arabinose, and galacose. FI-IR, NMR, and SEM spectra showed phosphorylation of SPN changed its structure. In methylation analysis, the major chains of SPN and PPN were 1,4-linked Glc, 1,6-linked Gal, 1,2-linked Rha, and 1.6-linked Man with terminals of t-linked Glc, t-linked Ara. The side chain of SPN was 1,4,6-linked Gal, 1,2,5-linked Ara, while the side chain of PPN was 1,4,6-linked Gal, 1,2,4-linked Glc. In antioxidant activity experiments, the free radical scavenging rate of PPN was stronger than that of SPN. Also, PPN always has better anti-inflammatory on RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS than that of SPN in same concentration, and it plays an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The results indicated polysaccharide could significantly improve its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function after phosphorylation. This study provides a potentially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory health food and drug.
10.3389/fnut.2022.976552
Anti-Inflammatory and Chondro-Protective Effects of Acidic Polysaccharide from Enteromorpha Prolifera in Experimental Models of Osteoarthritis and .
Cartilage
OBJECTIVE:Osteoarthritis (OA) progression has been shown to increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines in joints, leading to the destruction of cartilage matrix. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a potent inflammatory cytokine associated with osteoarthritic synovial fluid. The protective effects of polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera against acute hepatic injury was reported. DESIGN:In this study, we examined the effects of Enteromorpha polysaccharide extracts (EPEs) in the treatment of OA. The effects of the EPEs were assessed using an IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 and SW982 cells. The expression levels of specific mRNA and proteins were evaluated using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR) and western immunoblotting. An OA animal study involving C57BL/6J mice was also conducted to assess the effects on tactile sensitivity and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). RESULTS:Acidic polysaccharide extract (APE) was shown to significantly reduce cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 and SW982 cells and attenuate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and p38/AP-1 in SW1353 cells. APE was also shown to minimize the effect of osteolytic lesions in the knee joints of ACLT-induced osteoarthritic mice. CONCLUSIONS:APE is a potent inhibitor of joint degeneration associated with OA.
10.1177/19476035221129573
Isolation, structure identification and anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharide from Phragmites rhizoma.
Zhou Ruimei,Cui Mingxiao,Wang Yu,Zhang Min,Li Feifei,Liu Kehai
International journal of biological macromolecules
Phragmites rhizoma (PR) is comprised of polysaccharides as its main active component. Currently, there are few studies on polysaccharides from PR, especially in purification and structure. In this study, an acidic polysaccharide (PRP-2) was obtained from PR by ultrasonic assisted extraction and secondary column chromatography purification (Diethylaminoethyl cellulose-52 (DEAE-52) and Sephadex G-100). Its structural characteristics were investigated by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that PRP-2 possessed the molecular weight of 20,332 Da and contained total sugars (71.73%), uronic acids (7.51%), proteins (0.57%) and sulfate radical (9.38%). The polysaccharide was composed of Galactose (34.70%), Fucose (36.15%) and a small amount of Rhamnose (0.88%) with a molar ratio of 39.50: 41.15: 1.00. It consisted of three sugar residues, →3)-β-D-GalpA-(1→, →2, 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→ and α-L-Fucp (4SO) -(1→. PRP-2 could protect RAW246.7 macrophages from the cytotoxic effect induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibit the LPS-induced NO production in RAW246.7 macrophages, which displayed its anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, PRP-2 has the potential to be used as a functional component.
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.124
Structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity of UV/HO-treated algal sulfated polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis.
Gong Yufeng,Ma Yongxuan,Cheung Peter Chi-Keung,You Lijun,Liao Lan,Pedisić Sandra,Kulikouskaya Viktoryia
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
The study aimed to study the effects on structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activities of algal sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GLP) after a combined treatment of UV irradiation (average irradiance of 6500 mJ/cm) and HO (50 mmol/L) for various time periods up to 60 min. After a 30-min treatment, the molecular weight and particle size of GLP was decreased by 15 and 2.6 fold, respectively with small but significant decrease in the contents of total sugars, uronic acids and proteins. There seemed to have no starch and the presence of longer side chains of branches in the GLP samples before and after UV/HO treatment based on the I-KI assay. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope analysis confirmed that the UV/HO treatment could modify the surface morphology of GLP. GLP treated for 5 min possessed the strongest in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 by 60.49%, 62.81% and 36.29%, respectively in IEC-6 cells when compared to the model. Therefore, UV/HO treatment had the potential to enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of algal sulfated polysaccharides.
10.1016/j.fct.2021.112157
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents from .
Hou Yong,Zhang Guangjie,Li Min,Li Bowen,Chen Li,Tian Ying,Liu Shijun,Li Bin,Dong Junxing
Natural product research
Investigation of the -butanol extract of led to the isolation of one new phenolic glycoside, 4'-hydroxybenzyl-2-hydroxybenzoate-1'---D-glucopyranoside (), together with twelve known compounds, which have been determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS and 1D/2D NMR. The antioxidant capacity of all compounds were evaluated by ABTS radical-scavenging test and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. And during a screening procedure for the anti-inflammatory activities among most compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, compound exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, suggesting that it might be a promising candidate as an anti-inflammatory agent.
10.1080/14786419.2019.1586702
Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharide from the lignified okra.
Liu Yong,Ye Yunfang,Hu Xiaobo,Wang Junhui
Carbohydrate polymers
The polysaccharide (AP1-b) of molecular weight 6.59 × 10 Da was isolated from lignified okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) by hot-water extraction, 40 % ethanol precipitation and purified by DEAE Cellulose chromatography, respectively. The structure and anti-inflammatory activity of AP1-b were investigated. AP1-b was composed of galactose, rhamnose, gluctose, arabinose and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 1.98:1.00:0.15:0.32:0.29. The structural features showed that the AP1-b consisted of →2)-α-d-Rhap-(1→, →4)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→ and α-l-Araf-(1→. AP1-b could observably improve the inflammatory injury of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the secretion of NO and decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-α). AP1-b also inhibited the phosphorylation levels of IκB and p65 proteins, manifesting the anti-inflammatory activity of AP1-b may associated with inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, AP1-b had potential value in treating inflammatory injury.
10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118081