Esophageal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, and Reasons for the Rise. Current gastroenterology reports PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common cancer affecting many regions of the world and carries significant morbidity and mortality. In this article, we review the key risk factors and their associated impact on the changing incidence and prevalence of EC subtypes within different global regions. We also highlight potential reasons for the ever-changing epidemiology of this prevalent cancer type. RECENT FINDINGS:There has been a shift in incidence of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (AC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) within certain populations primarily due to an increase prevalence of primary risk factors. In Western nations, more often the United States, there has been a shift from SCC predominance to the majority of new cases of EC being adenocarcinoma. This shift within the United States has largely correlated with a rise in obesity. The prevalence of AC in Asia is also starting to rise as more countries adopt a western diet. The pathophysiology, associated risk factors, and presentation of ESCC and AC are different. This difference is seen in varying lifestyles, population health, and certain genetic risks. With further development closer analysis of primary risk factors and implementation of policies and programs that promote public health literacy, there is a potential to decrease esophageal cancer's global disease burden. 10.1007/s11894-023-00899-0

Gastric Cancer: Advances in Carcinogenesis Research and New Therapeutic Strategies. Seeneevassen Lornella,Bessède Emilie,Mégraud Francis,Lehours Philippe,Dubus Pierre,Varon Christine International journal of molecular sciences Gastric cancer's bad incidence, prognosis, cellular and molecular heterogeneity amongst others make this disease a major health issue worldwide. Understanding this affliction is a priority for proper patients' management and for the development of efficient therapeutical strategies. This review gives an overview of major scientific advances, made during the past 5-years, to improve the comprehension of gastric adenocarcinoma. A focus was made on the different actors of gastric carcinogenesis, including, cancer stem cells, tumour microenvironment and microbiota. New and recent potential biomarkers were assessed as well as emerging therapeutical strategies involving cancer stem cells targeting as well as immunotherapy. Finally, recent experimental models to study this highly complex disease were discussed, highlighting the importance of gastric cancer understanding in the hard-fought struggle against cancer relapse, metastasis and bad prognosis. 10.3390/ijms22073418

Field cancerization in breast cancer. The Journal of pathology Breast cancer affects one in seven women worldwide during their lifetime. Widespread mammographic screening programs and education campaigns allow for early detection of the disease, often during its asymptomatic phase. Current practice in treatment and recurrence monitoring is based primarily on pathological evaluations but can also encompass genomic evaluations, both of which focus on the primary tumor. Although breast cancer is one of the most studied cancers, patients still recur at a rate of up to 15% within the first 10 years post-surgery. Local recurrence was originally attributed to tumor cells contaminating histologically normal (HN) tissues beyond the surgical margin, but advances in technology have allowed for the identification of distinct aberrations that exist in the peri-tumoral tissues themselves. One leading theory to explain this phenomenon is the field cancerization theory. Under this hypothesis, tumors arise from a field of molecularly altered cells that create a permissive environment for malignant evolution, which can occur with or without morphological changes. The traditional histopathology paradigm dictates that molecular alterations are reflected in the tissue phenotype. However, the spectrum of inter-patient variability of normal breast tissue may obfuscate recognition of a cancerized field during routine diagnostics. In this review, we explore the concept of field cancerization focusing on HN peri-tumoral tissues: we present the pathological and molecular features of field cancerization within these tissues and discuss how the use of peri-tumoral tissues can affect research. Our observations suggest that pathological and molecular evaluations could be used synergistically to assess risk and guide the therapeutic management of patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 10.1002/path.5902