Multiphase CT enterography evaluation of small-bowel vascular lesions.
Huprich James E,Barlow John M,Hansel Stephanie L,Alexander Jeffrey A,Fidler Jeff L
AJR. American journal of roentgenology
OBJECTIVE:By use of multiphase CT enterography (CTE), small-bowel vascular lesions associated with gastrointestinal bleeding can be classified into three categories--angioectasias, arterial lesions, and venous abnormalities--on the basis of common morphology and enhancement patterns. This article will review the unique patterns of enhancement and lesion morphology seen on multiphase CTE and how those findings enable detection and characterization of specific lesions in many cases. CONCLUSION:Because of the high prevalence in nonbleeding patients and frequent multiplicity of angioectasias, determining the clinical benefit from their detection by multiphase CTE and endoscopy is problematic. Although arterial lesions are less commonly encountered clinically, their detection is critically important because of a high risk of life-threatening bleeding. Along with wireless capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted endoscopy, multiphase CTE is a useful tool for the evaluation of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding due to small-bowel vascular lesions.
10.2214/AJR.12.10414
Computed Tomography Enterography.
Sheedy Shannon P,Kolbe Amy B,Fletcher Joel G,Fidler Jeff L
Radiologic clinics of North America
Computed tomography (CT) enterography is a noninvasive imaging modality with superb spatial and temporal resolution, specifically tailored to evaluate the small bowel. It has several advantages over other radiologic and optical imaging modalities, all of which serve as complementary investigations to one another. This article describes CTE technique, including dose reduction techniques, special considerations for the pediatric population, common technical and interpretive pitfalls, and reviews some of the more common small bowel entities seen with CTE.
10.1016/j.rcl.2018.04.002
CT enterography.
Zamboni Giulia A,Raptopoulos Vassilios
Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America
Conventional radiologic and endoscopic evaluations of the small bowel are often limited by the length, caliber, and motility of the small bowel loops. The development of new multidetector-row CT scanners, with faster scan times and isotropic spatial resolution, allows high-resolution multiphasic and multiplanar assessment of the bowel, bowel wall, and lumen. CT Enterography (CTE) is a variant of routine abdominal scanning, geared toward more sustained bowel filling with oral contrast material, and the use of multiplanar images, that can enhance gastrointestinal (GI) tract imaging. This article examines the techniques and clinical applications of CTE in comparison with CT enteroclysis, focusing on Crohn disease, obscure GI bleeding, GI tumors, acute abdominal pain, and bowel obstruction.
10.1016/j.giec.2010.02.017
ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Small Bowel Bleeding.
Gerson Lauren B,Fidler Jeff L,Cave David R,Leighton Jonathan A
The American journal of gastroenterology
Bleeding from the small intestine remains a relatively uncommon event, accounting for ~5-10% of all patients presenting with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Given advances in small bowel imaging with video capsule endoscopy (VCE), deep enteroscopy, and radiographic imaging, the cause of bleeding in the small bowel can now be identified in most patients. The term small bowel bleeding is therefore proposed as a replacement for the previous classification of obscure GI bleeding (OGIB). We recommend that the term OGIB should be reserved for patients in whom a source of bleeding cannot be identified anywhere in the GI tract. A source of small bowel bleeding should be considered in patients with GI bleeding after performance of a normal upper and lower endoscopic examination. Second-look examinations using upper endoscopy, push enteroscopy, and/or colonoscopy can be performed if indicated before small bowel evaluation. VCE should be considered a first-line procedure for small bowel investigation. Any method of deep enteroscopy can be used when endoscopic evaluation and therapy are required. VCE should be performed before deep enteroscopy if there is no contraindication. Computed tomographic enterography should be performed in patients with suspected obstruction before VCE or after negative VCE examinations. When there is acute overt hemorrhage in the unstable patient, angiography should be performed emergently. In patients with occult hemorrhage or stable patients with active overt bleeding, multiphasic computed tomography should be performed after VCE or CTE to identify the source of bleeding and to guide further management. If a source of bleeding is identified in the small bowel that is associated with significant ongoing anemia and/or active bleeding, the patient should be managed with endoscopic therapy. Conservative management is recommended for patients without a source found after small bowel investigation, whereas repeat diagnostic investigations are recommended for patients with initial negative small bowel evaluations and ongoing overt or occult bleeding.
10.1038/ajg.2015.246
Medical Imaging in Small Bowel Crohn's Disease-Computer Tomography Enterography, Magnetic Resonance Enterography, and Ultrasound: "Which One Is the Best for What?".
Greenup Astrid-Jane,Bressler Brian,Rosenfeld Greg
Inflammatory bowel diseases
BACKGROUND:Small bowel imaging in Crohn's disease (CD) is an important adjunct to endoscopy for the diagnosis, assessment of postoperative recurrence, and detection of complications. The best imaging modality for such indications though remains unclear. This systematic review aims to identify the imaging modality of choice considering the use of ultrasound (US), computed tomography enterography (CTE), and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE). METHODS:Databases were systematically searched for studies pertaining to the performance of US, CTE, and MRE, as compared with a predefined reference standard in the assessment of small bowel CD. RESULTS:Thirty-three studies, from a total of 1427 studies, were included in the final analysis. A comparable performance was demonstrated for MRE, CTE, and US for the diagnosis of small CD. Ultrasound was found to have the highest accuracy in the differentiation of inflammation and fibrosis. Postoperative recurrence detection was feasible with the use of MRE and US. All 3 modalities were shown to have a role in the detection of small bowel CD complications. The radiation exposure associated with CTE can be minimized by using lower radiation protocols. CONCLUSIONS:Ultrasound, CTE, and MRE all play an important role in the diagnosis and management of small bowel CD, with preference for a particular modality being influenced by specific indication, institution resources, and patient preference.
10.1097/MIB.0000000000000727
[Imaging in the diagnosis of small bowel diseases].
Yan Fuhua
Zhonghua wei chang wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of gastrointestinal surgery
There are still many difficulties in the diagnosis of small bowel diseases. Until recently, diagnosis of small bowel diseases relies primarily on imaging techniques. The traditional gastrointestinal barium meal examination and endoscopy can observe the changing of mucous membrane, but can not demonstrate the intestinal wall and the extraluminal structure. With the development and modification of CT and MR software and hardware, CT enterography (CTE) and MR enterography (MRE) are being increasingly usded in clinical practice, facilitating discrimination of mucous membrane, wall, lumen and extraluminal structure. Dynamic contrast scanning can reflect the blood supply of intestinal lesions, and CTA and MRA can reveal the vascularity and abnormality. Comprehensive analysis of imaging can provide overall and objective information and improve diagnostic accuracy of small bowel diseases. Besides, imaging features can be used as criteria in assessing the activity of Crohn's disease, which provides effective method of treatment selection and efficacy evaluation.
Artificial Intelligence for Quantifying Cumulative Small Bowel Disease Severity on CT-Enterography in Crohn's Disease.
The American journal of gastroenterology
INTRODUCTION:Assessing the cumulative degree of bowel injury in ileal Crohn's disease (CD) is difficult. We aimed to develop machine learning (ML) methodologies for automated estimation of cumulative ileal injury on computed tomography-enterography (CTE) to help predict future bowel surgery. METHODS:Adults with ileal CD using biologic therapy at a tertiary care center underwent ML analysis of CTE scans. Two fellowship-trained radiologists graded bowel injury severity at granular spatial increments along the ileum (1 cm), called mini-segments. ML segmentation methods were trained on radiologist grading with predicted severity and then spatially mapped to the ileum. Cumulative injury was calculated as the sum (S-CIDSS) and mean of severity grades along the ileum. Multivariate models of future small bowel resection were compared with cumulative ileum injury metrics and traditional bowel measures, adjusting for laboratory values, medications, and prior surgery at the time of CTE. RESULTS:In 229 CTE scans, 8,424 mini-segments underwent analysis. Agreement between ML and radiologists injury grading was strong (κ = 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.79-0.81) and similar to inter-radiologist agreement (κ = 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.88). S-CIDSS (46.6 vs 30.4, P = 0.0007) and mean cumulative injury grade scores (1.80 vs 1.42, P < 0.0001) were greater in CD biologic users that went to future surgery. Models using cumulative spatial metrics (area under the curve = 0.76) outperformed models using conventional bowel measures, laboratory values, and medical history (area under the curve = 0.62) for predicting future surgery in biologic users. DISCUSSION:Automated cumulative ileal injury scores show promise for improving prediction of outcomes in small bowel CD. Beyond replicating expert judgment, spatial enterography analysis can augment the personalization of bowel assessment in CD.
10.14309/ajg.0000000000002828
Local Assessment and Small Bowel Crohn's Disease Severity Scoring using AI.
Academic radiology
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES:We present a machine learning and computer vision approach for a localized, automated, and standardized scoring of Crohn's disease (CD) severity in the small bowel, overcoming the current limitations of manual measurements CT enterography (CTE) imaging and qualitative assessments, while also considering the complex anatomy and distribution of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Two radiologists introduced a severity score and evaluated disease severity at 7.5 mm intervals along the curved planar reconstruction of the distal and terminal ileum using 236 CTE scans. A hybrid model, combining deep-learning, 3-D CNN, and Random Forest model, was developed to classify disease severity at each mini-segment. Precision, sensitivity, weighted Cohen's score, and accuracy were evaluated on a 20% hold-out test set. RESULTS:The hybrid model achieved precision and sensitivity ranging from 42.4% to 84.1% for various severity categories (normal, mild, moderate, and severe) on the test set. The model's Cohen's score (κ = 0.83) and accuracy (70.7%) were comparable to the inter-observer agreement between experienced radiologists (κ = 0.87, accuracy = 76.3%). The model accurately predicted disease length, correlated with radiologist-reported disease length (r = 0.83), and accurately identified the portion of total ileum containing moderate-to-severe disease with an accuracy of 91.51%. CONCLUSION:The proposed automated hybrid model offers a standardized, reproducible, and quantitative local assessment of small bowel CD severity and demonstrates its value in CD severity assessment.
10.1016/j.acra.2024.03.044
Visceral adipose volume is correlated with surgical tissue fibrosis in Crohn's disease of the small bowel.
Gastroenterology report
Background:This study explored the diagnostic performance of visceral adiposity to predict the degree of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. Methods:The patients with Crohn's disease (CD) who underwent surgical small bowel resection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China) between January 2007 and December 2017 were enrolled. We evaluated the intestinal imaging features of computed tomography enterography (CTE), including mesenteric inflammatory fat stranding, the target sign, mesenteric hypervascularity, bowel wall thickening, lymphadenopathy, stricture diameter, and maximal upstream diameter. We used A.K. software (Artificial Intelligence Kit, version 1.1) to calculate the visceral fat (VF) and subcutaneous fat (SF) volumes at the third lumbar vertebra level. Pathological tissue information was recorded. Diagnostic models were established based on the multivariate regression analysis results, and their effectiveness was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) and decision curve analyses. Results:Overall, 48 patients with CD were included in this study. The abdominal VF/SF volume ratio (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.38; =0.009) and the stenosis diameter/upstream intestinal dilatation diameter (ND) ratio (odds ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.99; =0.034) were independent risk factors for the severe fibrosis of the small intestine. The AUC values of the VF/SF ratio, the ND ratio, and their combination were 0.760, 0.673, and 0.804, respectively. The combination of the VS/SF volume ratio and ND ratio achieved the highest net benefit on the decision curve. Conclusion:The VF volume on CTE can reflect intestinal fibrosis. The combination of the VF/SF volume ratio and ND ratio of CD patients assessed using CTE can help predict severe fibrosis stenosis of the small intestine.
10.1093/gastro/goac044
New progress in CT and MRI examination and diagnosis of small intestinal tumors.
Miao Fei,Wang Ming-Liang,Tang Yong-Hua
World journal of gastrointestinal oncology
Precise examination and diagnosis of small intestinal tumors is difficult because of the curved course and overlapping canal of the small intestine. Traditional technology for intestinal canal examination and endoscopy cannot exhibit the intestinal wall and extra-luminal structure well. With the development and advancement of multi-slice spiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography enteroclysis (CTE) and magnetic resonance enteroclysis (MRE) are widely used in the examination and diagnosis of small intestinal tumors. CTE and MRE, with three-dimensional imaging capabilities and excellent soft-tissue contrast, can analyze the abnormalities of peripheral intestinal structure as well as the tunica mucosa. In addition, these two technologies can clearly reveal the localization, appearance, degree of mesenteric infiltration and remote tumor metastasis, which increases our cognition of the imaging diagnosis for intestinal tumors. Here we review recent progress in imaging (CT and MRI) examination and diagnosis of small intestinal tumors.
10.4251/wjgo.v2.i5.222
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Small Bowel Enterography: Current Status and Future Trends Focusing on Crohn's Disease.
Park Seong Ho,Ye Byong Duk,Lee Tae Young,Fletcher Joel G
Gastroenterology clinics of North America
Computed tomography enterography (CTE) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) are presently state-of-the-art radiologic tests used to examine the small bowel for various indications. This article focuses on CTE and MRE for the evaluation of Crohn disease. The article describes recent efforts to achieve more standardized interpretation of CTE and MRE, summarizes recent research studies investigating the role and impact of CTE and MRE more directly for several different clinical and research issues beyond general diagnostic accuracy, and provides an update on progress in imaging techniques. Also addressed are areas that need further exploration in the future.
10.1016/j.gtc.2018.04.002
Interobserver and intermodality agreement for detection of small bowel Crohn's disease with MR enterography and CT enterography.
Jensen Michael D,Ormstrup Tina,Vagn-Hansen Chris,Østergaard Lone,Rafaelsen Søren Rafael
Inflammatory bowel diseases
BACKGROUND:Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and computed tomography enterography (CTE) visualizes small bowel Crohn's disease (CD) and its complications with high accuracy. The aim of this study was to determine the interobserver and intermodality agreement for detection of small bowel CD. METHODS:Fifty patients with suspected or known CD were included in the study and all patients underwent MRE and CTE on the same day. Four radiologists with experience in MRE and CTE techniques participated. Observers were blind to patient histories, results of ileocolonoscopies, and other small bowel examinations. Readers assessed the image quality, the presence of small bowel CD, and seven findings consistent with CD. RESULTS:The image quality was better with CTE than MRE (P < 0.001) but the diagnostic yields were comparable (P = 0.4). For detection of small bowel CD, the interobserver agreement was substantial in CTE (κ = 0.64) and moderate in MRE (κ = 0.48). The intermodality agreement was fair to substantial (κ = 0.40-0.64) for different observers. Two abscesses were detected and confirmed at subsequent surgery. One abscess was not detected with MRE and only recorded by two observers in CTE. A total of 10 fistulas were detected: three were confirmed at subsequent surgery and four were false-positive findings. CONCLUSIONS:MRE and CTE have comparable diagnostic yields in patients with suspected or known CD. However, CTE provides better image quality and interobserver agreement. In a substantial number of patients the diagnosis of small bowel CD is observer- and modality-dependent.
10.1002/ibd.21534
CT enterography of Crohn's disease.
Hara Amy K,Swartz Paul G
Abdominal imaging
CT enterography (CTE) is a technique using neutral oral contrast, intravenous contrast and thin cut, multiplanar CT acquisitions to optimize small bowel imaging. One of the primary indications for CTE is the detection and evaluation of Crohn's disease. This article summarizes the advantages/disadvantages, scanning technique, imaging findings, performance and pitfalls of CTE for the evaluation of Crohn's disease.
10.1007/s00261-008-9443-1
Evaluating inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease by cross-sectional imaging techniques.
Cantarelli Bruno Cunha Fialho,de Oliveira Rafael Santiago,Alves Aldo Maurici Araújo,Ribeiro Bruno Jucá,Velloni Fernanda,D'Ippolito Giuseppe
Radiologia brasileira
The evaluation of inflammatory bowel activity in patients with Crohn's disease has traditionally been a challenge, mainly because of the difficulty in gaining endoscopic access to the small bowel. Historically, barium-based contrast studies were the only option for the evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. They were gradually replaced by cross-sectional imaging techniques, computed tomography enterography (CTE) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) now being the modalities of choice for such evaluations. Those two imaging methods have provided important information regarding intestinal wall involvement and extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease, not only assessing lesion characteristics and complications but also quantifying inflammatory bowel activity. The objective of this article is to review the main technical aspects of CTE and MRE, together with their indications, contraindications, and limitations, as well as the CTE and MRE imaging characteristics of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease.
10.1590/0100-3984.2018.0096