[Choice of surgical procedures for refractory constipation]. Li Ning Zhonghua wei chang wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of gastrointestinal surgery Refractory constipations are mostly mixed constipations. Surgery is only reserved as the last option when conservative treatments have failed. Colectomy or stapbed transanal rectal resection (STARR) represents the procedure of choice in patients with pure slow transmit constipation (STC) or obstructive defecation syndrome (ODS). However, its clinical outcome is unsatisfactory. Jinling procedure, a new surgical innovation for mixed constipation, aims to correct the coexistence of STC and ODS in severe refractory constipation. It combines subtotal colectomy and side to side cecorectal anastomosis, which shows a promising clinical outcome in over 500 refractory constipation patients. In our department, there is no significant difference in operation time, mortality and complications between the laparoscopic assisted and open Jinling procedures. Jinling procedure is also appropriate for secondary Hirschsprung's disease. Stoma is described in the treatment of some adult constipation patients, which has not been supported by the evidence-based medicine at present. Anastomosis leakage is a severe complication after constipation surgery. Fecal diversion is indicated once it happened. Colon irrigation may be used in patients who failed after surgery or children who refused definitive operation. It has showed a good short-term functional recovery but becomes invalid after a long-term follow-up.

[Progress in the treatment of surgical procedures for slow transit constipation]. Wei Dong Zhonghua wei chang wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of gastrointestinal surgery Slow transit constipation (STC) is the most common type of chronic constipation, and surgical treatment is one of the most important means for the treatment of slow transit constipation. With the introduction of the concept of STC and the normalization of STC treatment, development of surgical treatment in slow transit constipation is continuous, and the innovation of the operation method in slow transit constipation is continuous as well from partial colectomy, total colectomy (including ileorectal anastomosis, anorectal anastomosis and ileum bag anal canal anastomosis) to subtotal colectomy (including ileosigmoid colon anastomosis, isoperistaltic cecum rectal anastomosis and antiperistaltic cecum rectal anastomosis). Among these procedures, total colectomy ileorectal anastomosis is the ideal surgical procedure for the treatment of STC. Recent studies revealed that subtotal colectomy cecum rectal anastomosis could also achieve good efficacy. In addition, the other procedures for the treatment of STC include ileostomy, anterograde colonic lavage and colon exclusion, but it is necessary to strictly grasp the indications. With the development of minimally invasive technology, the application of laparoscopic technology in STC has been emphasized gradually. In general, the operation method has experienced from simple to complex and individual choice; from single surgical approach to multiple surgical methods; from abdominal open surgery to laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery. Relieving constipation symptoms and reducing the incidence of complications is the goal of surgical treatment that has always been the pursuit of STC surgery. The surgical method with good efficacy, small trauma, quick recovery and less complications must be designed to meet the individualized needs of patients with different constipations. In this paper, the efficacy and progress of surgical treatment of slow transit constipation from the generation and development are reviewed.