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2- and 3-Dimensional Myocardial Strain in Cardiac Health and Disease. Voigt Jens-Uwe,Cvijic Marta JACC. Cardiovascular imaging Advances in speckle-tracking echocardiography allowed the rise of deformation imaging as a feasible, robust, and valuable tool for clinical routine. The global or segmental measurement of strain can objectively quantify myocardial deformation and can characterize myocardial function in a novel way. However, the proper interpretation of deformation measurements requires understanding of cardiac mechanics and the influence of loading conditions, ventricular geometry, conduction delays, and myocardial tissue characteristics on the measured values. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the basic concepts of deformation imaging, briefly describe imaging modalities for strain assessment, and discuss in depth the underlying physical and pathophysiological mechanisms which lead to the respective findings in a specific disease. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.044
3-Dimensional Echocardiography: Latest Developments and Future Directions. Lang Roberto M,Addetia Karima,Narang Akhil,Mor-Avi Victor JACC. Cardiovascular imaging The ongoing refinements in 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography technology continue to expand the scope of this imaging modality in clinical cardiology by offering new features that stem from the ability to image the heart in its complete dimensionality. Over the years, countless publications have described these benefits and tested new frontiers where 3D echocardiographic imaging seemed to offer promising ways to improve patients' care. These include improved techniques for chamber quantification and novel ways to visualize cardiac valves, including 3D printing, virtual reality, and holography. The aims of this review article are to focus on the most important developments in the field in the recent years, discuss the current utility of 3D echocardiography, and highlight several interesting future directions. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.06.024
3-Dimensional Echocardiography in Imaging the Tricuspid Valve. Muraru Denisa,Hahn Rebecca T,Soliman Osama I,Faletra Francesco F,Basso Cristina,Badano Luigi P JACC. Cardiovascular imaging Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is an independent predictor of death. Lately, emerging technologies for the treatment of TR have increased the interest of physicians. Due to the complex 3-dimensional (3D) geometry of the tricuspid valve (TV) and its anterior position in the mediastinum, conventional 2D echocardiography is unsuitable to study the anatomy and pathophysiologic mechanisms of the regurgitant TV. 3D echocardiography has emerged as a very cost-effective imaging modality with which to: 1) visualize the TV anatomy; 2) define the mechanism of TR; 3) measure the size and geometry of the tricuspid annulus; 4) analyze the anatomic relationships between TV apparatus and surrounding cardiac structures; 5) assess volumes and function of the right atrium and ventricle; and 6) plan surgical repair or guide and monitor transcatheter interventional procedures. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.10.035
Improvement in the Assessment of Aortic Valve and Aortic Aneurysm Repair by 3-Dimensional Echocardiography. Hagendorff Andreas,Evangelista Arturo,Fehske Wolfgang,Schäfers Hans-Joachim JACC. Cardiovascular imaging Reconstructive surgery of the aortic valve is being increasingly used in patients with aortic regurgitation and/or aortic aneurysm. Its success depends on restoring normal aortic valve and root form. Echocardiography is the most reliable and precise imaging technique because it defines abnormal morphology and function, essential for selecting appropriate substrates and guiding the surgical strategy. Despite technical advances in echocardiography, aortic valve and aortic root morphology and function are still assessed mainly using 2-dimensional echocardiography in clinical practice. This review focuses on the need to use 3-dimensional echocardiography to characterize different forms of aortic valve and root abnormalities and attempts to define echocardiographic predictors of successful valve-root complex repair. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.06.032