STING-mediated intestinal barrier dysfunction contributes to lethal sepsis.
Hu Qiongyuan,Ren Huajian,Li Guanwei,Wang Dingyu,Zhou Quan,Wu Jie,Zheng Jiashuo,Huang Jinjian,Slade Dominic A,Wu Xiuwen,Ren Jianan
EBioMedicine
BACKGROUND:Gut integrity is compromised in abdominal sepsis with increased cellular apoptosis and altered barrier permeability. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) form a physiochemical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the host's internal milieu and is strongly involved in the mucosal inflammatory response and immune response. Recent research indicates the involvement of the stimulator of interferons genes (STING) pathway in uncontrolled inflammation and gut mucosal immune response. METHODS:We investigated the role of STING signaling in sepsis and intestinal barrier function using intestinal biopsies from human patients with abdominal sepsis and with an established model of abdominal sepsis in mice. FINDINGS:In human abdominal sepsis, STING expression was elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and intestinal biopsies compared with healthy controls, and the degree of STING expression in the human intestinal lamina propria correlated with the intestinal inflammation in septic patients. Moreover, elevated STING expression was associated with high levels of serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein that served as a marker of enterocyte damage. In mice, the intestinal STING signaling pathway was markedly activated following the induction of sepsis induced by cecal ligation perforation (CLP). STING knockout mice showed an alleviated inflammatory response, attenuated gut permeability, and decreased bacterial translocation. Whereas mice treated with a STING agonist (DMXAA) following CLP developed greater intestinal apoptosis and a more severe systemic inflammatory response. We demonstrated that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was released during sepsis, inducing the intestinal inflammatory response through activating the STING pathway. We finally investigated DNase I administration at 5 hours post CLP surgery, showing that it reduced systemic mtDNA and inflammatory cytokines levels, organ damage, and bacterial translocation, suggesting that inhibition of mtDNA-STING signaling pathway protects against CLP-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. INTERPRETATION:Our results indicate that the STING signaling pathway can contribute to lethal sepsis by promoting IEC apoptosis and through disrupting the intestinal barrier. Our findings suggest that regulation of the mtDNA-STING pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy to promote mucosal healing and protect the intestinal barrier in septic patients. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China.
10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.055
Gut Microbiota: An Integral Moderator in Health and Disease.
Feng Qingqing,Chen Wei-Dong,Wang Yan-Dong
Frontiers in microbiology
The gut microbiota, as the main member in gut microecology, is an essential mediator in health and disease. The gut microbiota interacts with various organs and systems in the body, including brain, lung, liver, bone, cardiovascular system, and others. Microbiota-derived metabolites such as the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate are primary signals, which link the gut microbiota and physiology. Recently, the gut microbiota has been identified as the origin of a number of diseases by influencing the related cell signaling pathways such as WNT/beta-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer and T cell receptor signaling in the central nervous system. Moreover, several microRNAs participate in signaling networks through the intervention of the gut microbiota. The interaction between the gut microbiota and miRNAs plays a crucial role in vascular dysfunction and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we will report and discuss recent findings about the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and physical organs and how the gut microbiota and miRNAs regulate each other while influencing the host via genes, proteins, or metabolites.
10.3389/fmicb.2018.00151
Effects of fine air particulates on gene expression in non-small-cell lung cancer.
Yang Biao,Li Xinming,Chen Dongmei,Xiao Chunling
Advances in medical sciences
PURPOSE:Airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5μm (PM) has been shown to induce adverse health effects through various mechanisms. However, its effects on gene expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain undefined. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profile of PM-induced adverse health effects on human. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We performed RNA sequencing to elucidate key molecular effects of PM collected from Shenyang China, to identify potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets, and further validated these differences in gene expression by using quantitative PCR in A549 and H1299 human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines. To investigate the functional changes on PM exposed cells, we carried out the viability assay for the cell counting, and the Boyden chamber assay for invasion. RESULTS:We found 143 genes that were expressed at least twice as much, or no more than half as much, in NSCLC cells exposed to PM than in unexposed cells. Results showed deregulated genes confronted PM exposure were significantly expressed, but commonly expressed in NSCLC cells. In addition, according to the viability assay and the Boyden chamber assay, PM exposed cells which have more competent on proliferation and invasion can keep the line with the results in RNA-Seq. CONCLUSION:Our data may provide a more specific understanding of the signaling patterns associated with pathogenesis, and lead to novel markers and therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
10.1016/j.advms.2016.12.003
Effect of PM2.5 environmental pollution on rat lung.
Yang Biao,Guo Jie,Xiao Chunling
Environmental science and pollution research international
Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a continuing challenge to pulmonary health. Here, we investigated the mechanisms involved in PM2.5 exposure-induced acute lung injury in rats. We analyzed biochemical and morphological changes following a 2-week "real-world" exposure. And then we found that PM2.5 exposure increased the concentrations of total protein, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and soluble elastin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, levels of cytokines in blood, and expression of MMP-9 in airways. Further, alveolar macrophage and neutrophil counts increased following PM2.5 exposure, and edema and lung lesions were observed. Our results suggest that PM2.5 exposure can induce oxidative stress and acute inflammatory responses, which can damage the micro-environment and decrease the repair ability of the lung, resulting in tissue damage.
10.1007/s11356-018-3492-y
[Analysis of Pulmonary Microbial Diversity in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer Based on High-throughput Sequencing Technology].
Ran Zhuonan,Liu Jiexing,Wang Fen,Xin Caiyan,Shen Xiang,Zeng Shan,Song Zhangyong,Xiong Bin
Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer
BACKGROUND:The pulmonary microbiome is closely related to the occurrence of pulmonary diseases. The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer are relatively high in the world. It has been confirmed that lung microecology changes in lung cancer patients compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, the abundance of some bacterial species shows obvious changes, suggesting their potential use as a microbial marker for the detection of lung cancer. The composition of the pulmonary microbiome in patients with different histological types of lung cancer has not been determined. We aim to study the correlation and difference of microbiome between different histological types of lung cancer. METHODS:Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequenced the 16S rDNA V3-V4 region of bacterial in sputum samples of patients with advanced lung cancer. RESULTS:It was found that Streptococcus, Neisseria and Prevotella were the main bacteria of lung cancer patients. Advantage bacterium group differ between different histological types of lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma (AD) group was dominated by Streptococcus and Neisseria, followed by Veillonella. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) group was dominated by Neisseria, followed by Streptococcus. Squamous carcinoma (SCC) group was dominated by Streptococcus, followed by Veillonella. Combined small cell lung cancer (C-SCLC) group was dominated by Streptococcus, followed by Prevotella. CONCLUSIONS:The pulmonary bacterial microbiome of lung cancer of different histological types is different. This experiment enrichs the pulmonary bacterial microbiome data of lung cancer and fills the gap of pulmonary microbiome of small cell lung cancer.
10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.103.16
Probiotics in the atopic march: highlights and new insights.
del Giudice Michele Miraglia,Rocco Adriana,Capristo Carlo
Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver
The frequent development of allergic respiratory diseases in patients with histories of atopic dermatitis (AD) in early childhood has been known for a long time. At school age, AD has been associated with an increased risk of asthma, and was thus regarded as one of the first steps in a successive "atopic march" leading from AD to asthma. Probiotics are cultures of potentially beneficial bacteria that positively affect the host by enhancing the microbial balance and therefore restore the normal intestinal permeability and gut microecology. They also improve the intestine's immunological barrier function and reduce the generation of proinflammatory cytokines characteristic of allergic inflammation. In clinical trials probiotics appear to be useful for the treatment of various clinical conditions such as food allergy, AD and allergic rhinitis, and in primary prevention of atopy. We can hypothesize that it may be possible, in the future, to use probiotics in primary prevention of asthma.
10.1016/S1590-8658(07)60012-7
Probiotic and prebiotic influence beyond the intestinal tract.
Lenoir-Wijnkoop Irene,Sanders Mary Ellen,Cabana Michael D,Caglar Esber,Corthier Gerard,Rayes Nada,Sherman Philip M,Timmerman Harro M,Vaneechoutte Mario,Van Loo Jan,Wolvers Danielle A W
Nutrition reviews
Probiotics and prebiotics have long been appreciated for their positive influences on gut health. Research on the mechanisms and effects of these agents shows that their impact reaches beyond the intestine. Effects on the microecology and pathology of the oral cavity, stomach, and vaginal tract have been observed. Likely mediated through immune influences, systemic effects such as reduced severity of colds or other respiratory conditions, impact on allergy incidence and symptoms, and reduced absences from work or daycare have also been noted. These observations, among others, suggest a broader spectrum of influence than commonly considered for these unique substances.
10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00272.x
Metagenomic sequencing of bile from gallstone patients to identify different microbial community patterns and novel biliary bacteria.
Shen Hongzhang,Ye Fuqiang,Xie Lu,Yang Jianfeng,Li Zhen,Xu Peisong,Meng Fei,Li Lei,Chen Ying,Bo Xiaochen,Ni Ming,Zhang Xiaofeng
Scientific reports
Despite the high worldwide prevalence of gallstone disease, the role of the biliary microbiota in gallstone pathogenesis remains obscure. Next-generation sequencing offers advantages for systematically understanding the human microbiota; however, there have been few such investigations of the biliary microbiome. Here, we performed whole-metagenome shotgun (WMS) sequencing and 16S rRNA sequencing on bile samples from 15 Chinese patients with gallstone disease. Microbial communities of most individuals were clustered into two types, according to the relative enrichment of different intestinal bacterial species. In the bile samples, oral cavity/respiratory tract inhabitants were more prevalent than intestinal inhabitants and existed in both community types. Unexpectedly, the two types were not associated with fever status or surgical history, and many bacteria were patient-specific. We identified 13 novel biliary bacteria based on WMS sequencing, as well as genes encoding putative proteins related to gallstone formation and bile resistance (e.g., β-glucuronidase and multidrug efflux pumps). Bile samples from gallstone patients had reduced microbial diversity compared to healthy faecal samples. Patient samples were enriched in pathways related to oxidative stress and flagellar assembly, whereas carbohydrate metabolic pathways showed varying behaviours. As the first biliary WMS survey, our study reveals the complexity and specificity of biliary microecology.
10.1038/srep17450
Distinct Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Microbiota of Children with Influenza A Virus Compared with Healthy Children.
BioMed research international
BACKGROUND:Influenza A virus (IAV) has had the highest morbidity globally over the past decade. A growing number of studies indicate that the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota plays a key role for respiratory health and that a dysfunctional respiratory microbiota is associated with disease; but the impact of microbiota during influenza is understudied. METHODS:We recruited 180 children, including 121 IAV patients and 59 age-matched healthy children. Nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were collected to conduct 16S rDNA sequencing and compare microbiota structures in different individuals. RESULTS:Both NP and OP microbiota in IAV patients differed from those in healthy individuals. The NP dominated genera in IVA patients, such as , , , and , showed lower abundance than in healthy children. The significantly enriched in patients' NP and could be generally detected in patients' NP microbiota. The most abundant genera in OP microbiota showed a decline tendency in patients, including , and The URT's bacterial concurrence network changed dramatically in patients. NP and OP samples were clustered into subgroups by different dominant genera; and NP and OP microbiota provided the precise indicators to distinguish IAV patients from healthy children. CONCLUSION:This is the first respiratory microbiome analysis on pediatric IAV infection which reveals distinct NP and OP microbiota in influenza patients. It provides a new insight into IAV research from the microecology aspect and promotes the understanding of IAV pathogenesis.
10.1155/2018/6362716
Screening of antagonistic strains of respiratory origin and analysis of their bacteriostatic effects on pathogens.
Li Xinming,Yang Biao,Sun Ye,Li Shuyin,Liu Defeng,Zou Yang,Xiao Chunling
MicrobiologyOpen
OBJECTIVE:To find antagonistic strains in the respiratory tract having bacteriostatic properties against common pathogens. METHODS:The oropharyngeal microbiota of five healthy children aged 4-6 years were collected and α-hemolytic bacteria screened on 15% sheep blood agar. Bacteriostatic effects of the isolated α-hemolytic bacteria on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated by the Oxford cup method. Antagonistic strains were identified by mass spectrometry, and the16S rDNAs were sequenced, and their best bacteriostatic concentrations and antagonistic spectra for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter Baumanii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated. RESULTS:Of 300 isolated α-hemolytic bacterial clones, four exhibited bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed that two of them were Streptococcus mitis and two others were Streptococcus parasanguinis strains. Further tests showed that all 4 antagonistic strains also had bacteriostatic effects on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, and Acinetobacter Baumanii, and the mode of action was not mediated by lactic acid production. CONCLUSION:Four antagonistic Streptococcus strains derived from oropharyngeal microbiotas showed bacteriostatic effects on pathogens and may be involved in pharyngeal microbiome homeostasis.
10.1002/mbo3.940
Air pollution during the winter period and respiratory tract microbial imbalance in a healthy young population in Northeastern China.
Li Xinming,Sun Ye,An Yunhe,Wang Ran,Lin Hong,Liu Min,Li Shuyin,Ma Mingyue,Xiao Chunling
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
In order to investigate the relationship between air pollution and the respiratory tract microbiota, 114 healthy volunteers aged 18-21 years were selected during the winter heating period in Northeast China; 35 from a lightly polluted region (group A), 40 from a moderately polluted region (group B) and 39 from a heavily polluted region (group C). Microbial genome DNA was extracted from throat swab samples to study the oral flora composition of the volunteers by amplifying and sequencing the V3 regions of prokaryotic 16S rRNA. Lung function tests were also performed. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria were significantly lower and Firmicutes Proteonacteria and Actinobacteria higher in participants from polluted regions. Within bacteria classes, Bacterioida abundance was lower and Clostridia abundance higher in polluted areas, which was also reflected in the order of abundance. In samples from region C, the abundance of Prevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Fusobacteriaceae Paraprevollaceae and Flavobacteriaceae were lowest among the 3 regions studied, whereas the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae were the highest. From group A to group C, the relative class abundances of Prevotella, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Camphylobacter and Capnocytophaga Porphyromonas, Peptostreptococcus and Moraxella became lower in polluted areas. Pulmonary function correlated with air pollution and the oropharyngeal microbiota differed within regions of high, medium and low air pollution. Thus, during the winter heating period in Northeast China, the imbalance of the oropharyngeal microbiota might be caused by air pollution and is likely associated with impairment of lung function in young people.
10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.083
Association of Air Pollution and Mortality of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Shenyang, China: A Time Series Analysis Study.
Guo Jie,Ma Mingyue,Xiao Chunling,Zhang Chunqing,Chen Jianping,Lin Hong,DU Yiming,Liu Min
Iranian journal of public health
BACKGROUND:We aimed to evaluate the risk factors of the daily mortality associated with air pollution causing acute lower respiratory tract infections. METHODS:We applied a short time series analysis to the air pollution record, meteorological data and 133 non-accidental death data in Shengyang, China, in 2013-2015. After controlling the seasonality, day of week and weather conditions, the group employed an over-dispersed Possion generalized addictive model to discuss the associations among different variables, then performed the stratified analysis according to age, gender, and season. RESULTS:Mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of < 10 μm (PM) and < 2.5 μm (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO), nitrogen dioxide (NO), and ozone (O) were 122.4, 74.8, 79.4, 47.7, and 86.2 μg/m, respectively. An increase of 10 μg/m in the 8-day moving average concentrations of PM, PM, SO, NO, and O corresponded to 0.18% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10%, 0.26%), 0.21% (95% CI: 0.11%, 0.31%), 0.16% (95% CI: 0.04%, 0.30%), 0.43% (95% CI: 0.07%, 0.90%), and 0.10% (95% CI: -0.08%, 0.31%) increase in the daily mortality. The effects of air pollution lasted 9 days (lag 0-8), and they were more statistically significant in the elderly than in other age groups. CONCLUSION:These findings clarified the burden of air pollution on the morbidity of acute lower respiratory tract infections and emphasized the urgency of the control and prevention of air pollution and respiratory diseases in China.
The upper respiratory tract microbiome of hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia of unknown aetiology: a pilot study.
Wiemken Timothy L,Jala Venkatakrishna Rao,Kelley Robert R,Peyrani Paula,Mattingly William A,Arnold Forest W,Cabral Patricio W,Cavallazzi Rodrigo,Haribabu Bodduluri,Ramirez Julio A
Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.)
The composition of the upper respiratory tract microbiome may play an important role in the development of lower respiratory tract infections. Here, we characterised the microbiome of the nasopharynx and oropharynx of hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with unknown aetiology in an attempt to obtain insight into the aetiology of CAP. A random sample of 10 patients hospitalised with CAP previously enrolled in a separate clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registry, Study ID: NCT01248715) in which a complete microbiological workup was not able to define an aetiology were analysed in this pilot study. This larger trial ( = 1,221) enrolled patients from 9 adult hospitals in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were obtained for metagenomic analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for was performed in all patients. One patient had a distinct nasophararyngeal microbiome consisting largely of . This was the only patient with a negative PCR for in both nasophararyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens. Overall, substantial differences were found between nasophararyngeal and oropharyngeal microbiomes. The upper respiratory tract microbiome of only one patient suggested as a probable aetiology of CAP. Although this was a pilot study of only 10 patients, the presence of in the upper respiratory tract of the other 9 patients warrants further investigation.
10.15172/pneu.2015.6/682
[Influence of antibiotics on formation of microecology in premature children with low and extremely low body weight at birth].
Malygina O G,Bazhukova T A
Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii
AIM:Study the influence of antibiotic therapy on the formation of main biotope microflora nasopharynx, large intestine, urinary system) of the premature child organism weighing less than 500 g at birth in hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Bacteriological study of upper respiratory tract discharge, urine, large intestine contents in 58 premature children during admission and discharge from newborn and premature children pathology department was carried out. Factor analysis method was applied to construct factor models of antibiotics influence on main biotope microbiocenosis formation. RESULTS:Deficiency of obligatory normal flora members in all the 3 biotopes was noted in all the children during admission to the department. Colonization of all the biotopes by obligatory members was noted by discharge, however the parameters do not reach age norm. Antibiotics therapy is the main factor, in all the biotopes opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms prevail. CONCLUSION:The formation of main biotope microbiocenoses does not occur and carriage of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms is noted in premature children receiving massive antibiotic therapy.
Microecology research: a new target for the prevention of asthma.
Shi Hong-Lei,Lan Yu-Hao,Hu Zheng-Chuan,Yan Zi-Ning,Liu Ze-Zhong,Kadier Xiriaili,Ma Li,Yu Jin-Yan,Liu Jing
Chinese medical journal
The incidence and prevalence of asthma have increased remarkably in recent years. There are lots of factors contributing to the occurrence and development of asthma. With the improvement of sequencing technology, it has been found that the microbiome plays an important role in the formation of asthma in early life. The roles of the microbial environment and human microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma have attracted more and more attention. The environmental microbiome influences the occurrence of asthma by shaping the human microbiome. The specific mechanism may be related to the immune regulation of Toll-like receptors and T cells (special Tregs). Intestinal microbiome is formed and changed by regulating diet and lifestyle in early life, which may affect the development and maturation of the pulmonary immune system through the intestinal-pulmonary axis. It is well-recognized that both environmental microbiomes and human microbiomes can influence the onset of asthma. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the research of microbiome, its relationship with asthma, and the possible mechanism of the microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma. The research of the microbial environment and human microbiome may provide a new target for the prevention of asthma in children who have high-risk factors to allergy. However, further study of "when and how" to regulate microbiome is still needed.
10.1097/CM9.0000000000001127
[Prevention of infectious diseases through microecology modulation techniques].
Wang Hui,Kang Di,Zhou Xue-Dong,Li Yu-Qing
Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology
The microbe is small in volume, but large in quantity and species. The symbiotic microbe, which is far more than human cells, code millions times of genes than human being. Somatic cells and these symbiotic microbe distributing in human body skin, respiratory tract, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and other parts form a complex ecosystem whose dynamic balance is highly related to body health. With the successful implementation of Human Microbiome Project, more attentions have been paid to the next generation microbiome technologies. New tools and methods for ecological regulation of human microbiome are emerging. The way we improve the world of human microbiology will be more convenient. This paper will make a review on the modulation techniques of human microbiome.
10.7518/hxkq.2018.05.018
The effect of air pollutants on the microecology of the respiratory tract of rats.
Xiao Chunling,Li Shuyin,Zhou Weiqiang,Shang Dezhi,Zhao Su,Zhu Xiaomin,Chen Kuimin,Wang Renqun
Environmental toxicology and pharmacology
To study the effect of air pollution on the microecology of the respiratory tracts and the relationship of the biotopes with respiratory diseases, Wistar rats exposed to mixed air pollutants were used as poisoning models. The bacterial floras of respiratory tract were analyzed as well as expression of pro-inflammatory mediators of the respiratory epithelium. The mRNA and protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory factor and cytokines measured showed that there were significant changes in the microbiocenosis of the respiratory tract. The microorganisms underwent quantitative and qualitative changes following exposure to mixed air pollutants including a decline of indigenous microflora and increase of the content of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. These changes depended on the degree of air pollution severity. Measurement of pro-inflammatory factors CC16, TNF-α and IL-6 revealed a similar time-dependent relationship between the content of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and the interference of CC16 secretion, as well as up-expression of TNF-α and IL-6.
10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.012
Respiratory tract mucous membrane microecology and asthma.
Annals of translational medicine
According to the world health organization, the increasing incidence of asthma is placing a heavy burden on the social economy. Its high rate of disability and mortality has become a serious social and public health problem. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease in which genetic polymorphism interacts with environmental factors. Because the pathogenesis of asthma is not completely clear, there is no specific treatment. In 2010, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that lungs have many different microbial communities in both healthy and sick states. These microbial communities and respiratory mucosa constitute the respiratory mucosal microecology. When the respiratory mucosal microecology changes, it can play a key role in the occurrence and development of asthma and other respiratory diseases by regulating the immune mechanism. This paper reviews the latest research results in this field, and tries to explore the effects of changes in respiratory mucosal microecology on the pathogenesis of asthma, so as to provide new methods for early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of asthma.
10.21037/atm.2019.09.06
Fine particulate matter alters the microecology of the murine respiratory tract.
Yang Biao,Zhang Yu,Li Bingyu,Zou Yang,Xiao Chunling
Environmental science and pollution research international
Fine particulate matter is a global challenge to human health. We investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of fine particulate matter on respiratory tract microecology in a lung injury mouse model. BALB/c mice were randomized into exposed and control groups. We found that the levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I was increased following the PM2.5 exposure. 16S rRNA sequencing of respiratory tract lavage fluid confirmed that the composition of the respiratory tract microecology was altered by the exposure. Lactobacillus was the most abundant of bacterial species present. Collectively, these results establish a link between exposure to fine particulate matter and alterations to the respiratory tract microecology. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms may lead to treatment strategies in lung injury.
10.1007/s11356-019-04372-2
The Effective Regulation of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Combination of PA-MSHA and BPIFB1 in Initiation of Innate Immune Responses.
Zhou Weiqiang,Duan Zhiwen,Yang Biao,Xiao Chunling
Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland)
PA-MSHA and BPIFB1 play especially important roles in triggering innate immune responses by inducing production of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines in the oral cavity and upper airway. We found that PA-MSHA had a strong ability to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. However, BPIFB1 alone did not express a directly inductive effect. With incubation of PA-MSHA and BPIFB1, the combination can activate the CD14/TLR4/MyD88 complex and induce secretion of subsequent downstream cytokines. We used a proteome profiler antibody array to evaluate the phosphokinases status with PA-MSHA and BPIFB1 treatment. The results showed that the activation of MAPK, STAT, and PI-3K pathways is involved in PA-MSHA-BPIFB1 treatment, and that the related pathways control the secretion of targeting cytokines in the downstream. When we assessed the content changes of cytokines, we found that PA-MSHA-BPIFB1 treatment increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the early phase of treatment and induced the increase of IL-4 in the late phase. Our observations suggest that PA-MSHA-BPIFB1 stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thereby initiates the innate immune system against inflammation. Meanwhile, the gradual release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 by PA-MSHA-BPIFB1 can also regulate the degree of inflammatory response; thus the host can effectively resist the environmental risks, but also manipulate inflammatory response in an appropriate and adjustable manner.
10.1515/med-2017-0044
Distinct Clinical Pathology and Microbiota in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps Endotypes.
Abbas Elrayah E,Li Chuan,Xie Ao,Lu Shan,Tang Li,Liu Yinhui,Elfadil Ayman,Wen Shu
The Laryngoscope
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS:Eosinophilic and noneosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP) show distinguished clinical pathology, but their underlying mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the clinical, hematological, and histopathological changes in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) endotypes and its association with microbiota. STUDY DESIGN:A comparative cross-sectional study. METHODS:A comparative study of 46 patients with CRSwNP (34.69 ± 16.39 years old) who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited and subdivided into ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP groups based on eosinophilic tissue inflammation; 12 healthy controls were also included. A structured histopathological analysis was conducted, and complete blood count was determined in patients. Endoscopic-guided middle meatus swabs and fecal samples were collected from the patients and controls and subsequently subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing on Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS:Compared to NECRSwNP, ECRSwNP showed a statistically significant increase in the computed tomography score, endoscopic score, blood eosinophil percentage, tissue eosinophil count, inflammation degree, subepithelial edema, and eosinophil aggregation. Airway microbiota communities differed among the three groups. The abundance of Moraxella and Parvimonas was significantly higher in the ECRSwNP group. Distinct microbiota dysbiosis in CRSwNP endotypes was found to be correlated with different clinical pathologies. Moreover, the gut microbiota in ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP showed dysbiosis, that is, significant decrease in the abundance of Actinobacteria in the former and significant increase in the abundance of Enterobacterales and several genera in NECRSwNP. CONCLUSIONS:Significant clinical pathology and microbiota changes were evident in patients with ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP. Distinct microbiota dysbiosis was correlated with different clinical pathologies. Understanding these differences may improve the prognosis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:4 Laryngoscope, 131:E34-E44, 2021.
10.1002/lary.28858
Reduced airway microbiota diversity is associated with elevated allergic respiratory inflammation.
Yu Wenkai,Yuan Xiaopeng,Xu Xingche,Ding Rui,Pang Liyuan,Liu Yinhui,Guo Yanjie,Li Huajun,Li Ming,Yuan Jieli,Tang Li,Wen Shu
Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology
BACKGROUND:An increased prevalence of allergic disorders in developed countries has been associated with decreased exposure to environmental micro-organisms and an alteration of microbiota colonization. An appropriate model is needed to investigate the mechanisms by which hygiene environment-driven changes in microbiota could regulate allergic disorders. OBJECTIVE:To discover the correlation between the higher incidence and severity of allergies with the relative hygiene environment in a developed country. METHODS:Allergic respiratory inflammation was induced in specific pathogen-free and control rats by sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin. The diversity of lower airway bacteria community was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing before ovalbumin sensitization. Allergic respiratory inflammation resulting in cellular infiltrate was measured after the last challenge. RESULTS:The diversity of microbiota in the airway of specific pathogen-free rats decreased compared with the control rats; the more frequent microbiota in the control rats were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. In addition, increased nasal rubbing and sneezing combined with exaggerated IgE production and leukocyte number was observed in ovalbumin-treated specific pathogen-free rats. CONCLUSION:These data indicate that the excessive "hygienic" environment resulted in a decreased bacterial diversity in the airway during infancy, leading to an increased susceptibility to allergic disease.
10.1016/j.anai.2015.04.025