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  • 3区Q2影响因子: 2.5
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    1. The interplay of exercise heart rate and blood pressure as a predictor of coronary artery disease and arterial hypertension.
    作者:Michaelides Andreas P , Liakos Charalampos I , Vyssoulis Gregory P , Chatzistamatiou Evangelos I , Markou Maria I , Tzamou Vanessa , Stefanadis Christodoulos I
    期刊:Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)
    日期:2012-11-26
    DOI :10.1111/jch.12035
    Delayed blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) decline at recovery post-exercise are independent predictors of incident coronary artery disease (CAD). Delayed BP recovery and exaggerated BP response to exercise are independent predictors of future arterial hypertension (AH). This study sought to examine whether the combination of two exercise parameters provides additional prognostic value than each variable alone. A total of 830 non-CAD patients (374 normotensive) were followed for new-onset CAD and/or AH for 5 years after diagnostic exercise testing (ET). At the end of follow-up, patients without overt CAD underwent a second ET. Stress imaging modalities and coronary angiography, where appropriate, ruled out CAD. New-onset CAD was detected in 110 participants (13.3%) whereas AH was detected in 41 former normotensives (11.0%). The adjusted (for confounders) relative risk (RR) of CAD in abnormal BP and HR recovery patients was 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.98; P=.011) compared with delayed BP and normal HR recovery patients and 1.71 (95% CI, 1.08-2.75; P=.014) compared with normal BP and delayed HR recovery patients. The adjusted RR of AH in normotensives with abnormal BP recovery and response was 2.18 (95% CI, 1.03-4.72; P=.047) compared with delayed BP recovery and normal BP response patients and 2.48 (95% CI, 1.14-4.97; P=.038) compared with normal BP recovery and exaggerated BP response individuals. In conclusion, the combination of two independent exercise predictors is an even stronger CAD/AH predictor than its components.
  • 2区Q2影响因子: 3.2
    2. The prognostic value of post-exercise blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertensive response during exercise stress test.
    作者:Yosefy Chaim , Jafari Jamal , Klainman Eliezer , Brodkin Boris , Handschumacher Mark D , Vaturi Mordehay
    期刊:International journal of cardiology
    日期:2005-10-18
    DOI :10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.07.039
    BACKGROUND:Hypertensive response at peak-exercise and during the recovery phase of exercise stress test (ET) is associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis. We investigated whether decrease in blood pressure (BP) from peak to post-exercise would identify a subgroup at higher cardiovascular risk. METHODS:Eighty-six non-hypertensive patients (0-4 cardiovascular risk factors) with hypertensive reaction at peak-ET (systolic>180 mm Hg and/or diastolic>100 mm Hg) were divided based on BP 5 min after exercise termination into two groups: Normal response (NrmR) (<160/90 mm Hg), Hypertensive response (HypR) (>/=160/90 mm Hg). Five years later the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality was assessed for each group. RESULTS:Both groups had similar pre- and peak-exercise BP. However the HypR group had higher post-exercise BP (systolic: 163+/-13 vs. 125+/-14 mm Hg, respectively, p<0.01, and diastolic: 74+/-6 vs. 75+/-4 mm Hg, respectively, p<0.01), smaller decrease in BP after exercise (Delta systolic: 46.9+/-3.1 vs. 73.9+/-3.6 mm Hg, respectively, p<0.01, Delta diastolic: 12.4+/-1.5 vs. 26.5+/-2.2 mm Hg, respectively, p<0.01), and higher post- than pre-exercise BP (Delta systolic: 24.5+/-3.5 vs. -6+/-4.1 mm Hg, respectively, p<0.01, A diastolic: 19+/-2.1 vs. -13+/-2.3 mm Hg, respectively, p<0.01). Five years later, HypR group had higher prevalence of abnormal cholesterol serum level (p<0.01), hypertension (p<0.01) and combined ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (RR 1.32, 95% CI=1.13-1.54, p<0.01). CONCLUSION:During ET evaluation, it is important to evaluate the BP at 5 min after exercise because reduced BP drop, at this routinely measured point, identifies a subgroup with higher cardiovascular risk.
  • 3区Q2影响因子: 3.4
    3. Influence of post-exercise activity on plasma catecholamines, blood pressure and heart rate in normal subjects.
    作者:Krock L P , Hartung G H
    期刊:Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society
    日期:1992-04-01
    DOI :10.1007/bf01819663
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not the type of activity performed during recovery might influence the magnitude of catecholamine outflow following exercise. Six active, male volunteers between 40-52 years recovered from strenuous treadmill exercise in three different ways; standing, supine rest and walking (2 mph, 0% grade). Measurements of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), heart rate and blood pressure were made at rest, peak exercise, and at 30 s intervals through 5-min of recovery. Peak exercise NA concentrations were approximately 1000% above those recorded as rest. Early recovery was marked by a continued increase in NA from peak exercise concentrations (4614 +/- 548 vs. 3264 +/- 485 pg/ml) which did not return to peak exercise levels until approximately 90 s of recovery. Adrenaline responses followed similar trends; however, the changes were not as sizable. Heart rate and diastolic blood pressure were significantly affected by the post-exercise condition; supine recovery produced significantly lower mean heart rates and mean diastolic blood pressures in comparison to standing or continued walking recovery conditions. Thus, these data indicate no specific recovery strategy will stem the rise in exercise-induced plasma catecholamines. Clinically, a strategy of continued walking, or better, supine recovery will best meet special clinical requirements, as well as limit the magnitude of the peak catecholamine increases.
  • 3区Q2影响因子: 3.4
    4. Post-exercise heart-rate recovery correlates to resting heart-rate variability in healthy men.
    作者:Molina Guilherme Eckhardt , Fontana Keila Elizabeth , Porto Luiz Guilherme Grossi , Junqueira Luiz Fernando
    期刊:Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society
    日期:2016-08-10
    DOI :10.1007/s10286-016-0378-2
    JUSTIFICATIVE:The relationship between post-exercise heart-rate recovery (HRR) and resting cardiac autonomic modulation is an incompletely explored issue. OBJECTIVE:To correlate HRR with resting supine and orthostatic autonomic status. METHOD:HRR at the 1st, 3th, and 5th min following maximal treadmill exercise were correlated with 5-min time-domain (CV, pNN50 and rMSSD) and frequency-domain (TP, LF, HF, LFn, HFn, and LF/HF ratio) indices of heart-rate variability (HRV) in both supine and standing positions in 31 healthy physically active non-athletes men. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests with two-tailed p value set at 5 %. RESULTS:Absolute HRR and Δ %HRR at each post-exercise time did not correlated with HRV in supine position, as well as at 1st min in standing position. At the 3rd min and 5th min, these measures negatively correlated with pNN50, rMSSD, TP, and HF indices, and only in the 5th min, they showed negative correlation with HFn and positive correlation with LF, LFn, and LF/HF ratio in the standing position. Coefficient of HRR (CHRR) at the 1st min negatively correlated with pNN50 and rMSSD and at 3rd and 5th min showed positive correlation with LFn and LF/HF ratio in supine position. With HRV indices in standing position CHRR from the 1st to 5th min showed the same respective negative and positive correlations as the other measures. CONCLUSION:HRR from the 1st to 5th min post-exercise negatively correlated with parasympathetic modulation in resting orthostatic, but showed no correlation in supine position. At the 3rd and 5th min, a positive correlation with combined sympathetic-parasympathetic modulation in both positions was observed.
  • 2区Q1影响因子: 3.9
    5. Effect of exercise on recovery blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.
    作者:Kaufman F L , Hughson R L , Schaman J P
    期刊:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
    日期:1987-02-01
    The effects of dynamic exercise on the acute recovery blood pressure (BP) were studied in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Three groups [eight normotensives, age 19 to 29 yr (N1); eight normotensives, age 35 to 62 yr (N2); and eight hypertensives, age 44 to 57 yr (H)] were tested over three separate sessions. The first two sessions were for familiarization with the protocol and test procedures. Resting systolic BP decreased (P less than 0.01) in all groups from sessions 1 to 3: N1 = 126 to 121 mm Hg; N2 = 127 to 120; H = 155 to 142. Resting diastolic BP decreased (P less than 0.05) in the N1 and H groups from 77 to 73 and 98 to 95 mm Hg, respectively. On the third day, each subject followed the protocol of Wilcox et al. (8) of 15 min of seated rest, five 10-min periods of treadmill walking with a 3-min rest between each period, and 60 min of seated recovery. Exercise was performed at 67% of estimated maximal heart rate. In all three groups, significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in both systolic BP (N1 = -12 +/- 1; N2 = -10 +/- 2; H = -12 +/- 3) and diastolic BP (N1 = -5 +/- 2; N2 = -5 +/- 1; H = -7 +/- 2) occurred from pre-exercise rest to post-exercise rest. Systolic BP remained lower following 60-min recovery (P less than 0.02), while diastolic BP returned to pre-exercise levels in all three groups. No between-group differences were observed in the magnitude of reduction of BP post-exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
  • 4区Q3影响因子: 1.8
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    6. Exercise-related blood pressure response is related to autonomic modulation in young adults: A new extension study.
    作者:Wu Liang , Shi Ping , Yu Hongliu
    期刊:Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine
    日期:2021-01-01
    DOI :10.3233/THC-218035
    BACKGROUND:The delayed blood pressure recovery (BPR) at post-exercise has been in association with a major risk of cardiovascular disease and death. OBJECTIVE:The study focused on evaluating the systolic and diastolic blood pressure recovery (SBPR, DBPR) and the autonomic modulation following treadmill exercise in healthy young adults. Although considerable literature had been published about BPR and HRV, the association between BPR and ultra-short-term HRV has not yet been completely described. METHODS:Fifteen subjects performed exercise with three different intensities on a treadmill, the speed was 6 km/h, 9 km/h, 12 km/h, respectively. SBP and DBP was measured per 30 s in each trial. The synchronous 5-min electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded and HRV30s parameters including SDNN30s, RMSSD30s, SDNN30s/RMSSD30s, SD130s, SD230s and SD130s/SD230s were calculated every 30 s periods in 5 min ECG signals to match the corresponding BPR. RESULTS:The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values and the Bland-Altman plots indicated good consistency and repeatability between HRV30s and HRV5min at three post-exercise trials, with most ICC values > 0.75. Besides, SBPR and DBPR generally decreased and returned to the Rest level in 5 mins. The Spearman correlation coefficients showed strong relationships between BPR and HRV30s sympathetic-vagal balance parameters, i.e., ratio SDNN/RMSSD and ratio SD1/SD2. CONCLUSIONS:These observations represented a new insight into the cardiovascular regulation at post-exercise, which could contribute to physical exercise areas in the future.
  • 3区Q2影响因子: 2.4
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    7. Mean Blood Pressure Assessment during Post-Exercise: Result from Two Different Methods of Calculation.
    作者:Sainas Gianmarco , Milia Raffaele , Palazzolo Girolamo , Ibba Gianfranco , Marongiu Elisabetta , Roberto Silvana , Pinna Virginia , Ghiani Giovanna , Tocco Filippo , Crisafulli Antonio
    期刊:Journal of sports science & medicine
    日期:2016-08-05
    At rest the proportion between systolic and diastolic periods of the cardiac cycle is about 1/3 and 2/3 respectively. Therefore, mean blood pressure (MBP) is usually calculated with a standard formula (SF) as follows: MBP = diastolic blood pressure (DBP) + 1/3 [systolic blood pressure (SBP) - DBP]. However, during exercise this proportion is lost because of tachycardia, which shortens diastole more than systole. We analysed the difference in MBP calculation between the SF and a corrected formula (CF) which takes into account changes in the diastolic and systolic periods caused by exercise-induced tachycardia. Our hypothesis was that the SF potentially induce a systematic error in MBP assessment during recovery after exercise. Ten healthy males underwent two exercise-recovery tests on a cycle-ergometer at mild-moderate and moderate-heavy workloads. Hemodynamics and MBP were monitored for 30 minutes after exercise bouts. The main result was that the SF on average underestimated MBP by -4.1 mmHg with respect to the CF. Moreover, in the period immediately after exercise, when sustained tachycardia occurred, the difference between SF and CF was large (in the order of -20-30 mmHg). Likewise, a systematic error in systemic vascular resistance assessment was present. It was concluded that the SF introduces a substantial error in MBP estimation in the period immediately following effort. This equation should not be used in this situation.
  • 4区Q2影响因子: 2
    8. Postexercise hypotension after maximal short-term incremental exercise depends on exercise modality.
    作者:Cunha Felipe A , Midgley Adrian W , Soares Pedro P , Farinatti Paulo T V
    期刊:Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme
    日期:2015-02-10
    DOI :10.1139/apnm-2014-0354
    This study investigated postexercise hypotension (PEH) after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performed using different exercise modalities. Twenty healthy men (aged 23 ± 3 years) performed 3 maximal CPETs (cycling, walking, and running), separated by 72 h in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), autonomic function (spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart rate variability (HRV)), and energy expenditure (EE) were assessed during a 60-min nonexercise control session and for 60 min immediately after each CPET. Total exercise volume (EE during CPET plus 60 min recovery) was significantly higher in running versus cycling and walking CPETs (P ≤ 0.001). Compared with control, only SBP after running CPET was significantly reduced (Δ = -6 ± 8 mm Hg; P < 0.001). Heart rate and cardiac output were significantly increased (P < 0.001) and SVR significantly decreased (P < 0.001) postexercise. BRS and HRV decreased after all CPETs (P < 0.001), whereas sympatho-vagal balance (low- and high-frequency (LF:HF) ratio) increased significantly after all exercise conditions, especially after running CPET (P < 0.001). Changes in SVR, BRS, sympathetic activity (low-frequency component of HRV), and LF:HF ratio were negatively correlated to variations in SBP (range -0.69 to -0.91; P < 0.001) and DBP (range -0.58 to -0.93; P ≤ 0.002). These findings suggest that exercise mode or the total exercise volume are major determinants of PEH magnitude in healthy men. Because of the running CPET, the PEH was primarily related to a decrease in SVR and to an increase in sympatho-vagal balance, which might be a reflex response to peripheral vasodilatation after exercise.
  • 3区Q1影响因子: 3.3
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    9. Heart rate recovery after maximal exercise is blunted in hypertensive seniors.
    期刊:Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
    日期:2014-10-09
    DOI :10.1152/japplphysiol.00395.2014
    Abnormal heart rate recovery (HRR) after maximal exercise may indicate autonomic dysfunction and is a predictor for cardiovascular mortality. HRR is attenuated with aging and in middle-age hypertensive patients, but it is unknown whether HRR is attenuated in older-age adults with hypertension. This study compared HRR among 16 unmedicated stage 1 hypertensive (HTN) participants [nine men/seven women; 68 ± 5 (SD) yr; awake ambulatory blood pressure (BP) 149 ± 10/87 ± 7 mmHg] and 16 normotensive [control (CON)] participants (nine men/seven women; 67 ± 5 yr; 122 ± 4/72 ± 5 mmHg). HR, BP, oxygen uptake (V̇o2), cardiac output (Qc), and stroke volume (SV) were measured at rest, at two steady-state work rates, and graded exercise to peak during maximal treadmill exercise. During 6 min of seated recovery, the change in HR (ΔHR) was obtained every minute and BP every 2 min. In addition, HRR and R-R interval (RRI) recovery kinetics were analyzed using a monoexponential function, and the indexes (HRRI and RRII) were calculated. Maximum V̇o2, HR, Qc, and SV responses during exercise were not different between groups. ΔHR was significantly different (P < 0.001) between the HTN group (26 ± 8) and the CON group (36 ± 12 beats/min) after 1 min of recovery but less convincing at 2 min (P = 0.055). BP recovery was similar between groups. HRRI was significantly lower (P = 0.016), and there was a trend of lower RRII (P = 0.066) in the HTN group compared with the CON group. These results show that in older-age adults, HRR is attenuated further with the presence of hypertension, which may be attributable to an impairment of autonomic function.
  • 4区Q2影响因子: 3.4
    10. Exercise blood pressure and the risk of future hypertension.
    作者:Holmqvist L , Mortensen L , Kanckos C , Ljungman C , Mehlig K , Manhem K
    期刊:Journal of human hypertension
    日期:2011-12-01
    DOI :10.1038/jhh.2011.99
    The aim of this prospective cohort study was to identify which blood pressure measurement during exercise is the best predictor of future hypertension. Further we aimed to create a risk chart to facilitate the evaluation of blood pressure reaction during exercise testing. A number (n=1047) of exercise tests by bicycle ergometry, performed in 1996 and 1997 were analysed. In 2007-2008, 606 patients without hypertension at the time of the exercise test were sent a questionnaire aimed to identify current hypertension. The response rate was 58% (n=352). During the 10-12 years between exercise test and questionnaire, 23% developed hypertension. The strongest predictors of future hypertension were systolic blood pressure (SBP) before exercise (odds ratios (OR) 1.63 (1.31-2.01) for 10 mm Hg difference) in combination with the increase of SBP over time during exercise testing (OR 1.12 (1.01-1.24) steeper increase for every 1 mm Hg min(-1)). A high SBP before exercise and a steep rise in SBP over time represented a higher risk of developing hypertension. A risk chart based on SBP before exercise, increase of SBP over time and body mass index was created. SBP before exercise, maximal SBP during exercise and SBP at 100 W were significant single predictors of future hypertension and the prediction by maximal SBP was improved by adjusting for time/power at which SBP max was reached during exercise testing. Recovery ratio (maximal SBP/SBP 4 min after exercise) was not predictive of future hypertension.
  • 3区Q1影响因子: 4.1
    11. Elevated systolic blood pressure during recovery from exercise and the risk of sudden cardiac death.
    作者:Laukkanen Jari A , Willeit Peter , Kurl Sudhir , Mäkikallio Timo H , Savonen Kai , Ronkainen Kimmo , Rauramaa Rainer
    期刊:Journal of hypertension
    日期:2014-03-01
    DOI :10.1097/HJH.0000000000000066
    OBJECTIVE:The value of SBP during exercise and recovery period as a risk marker for sudden cardiac death (SCD) is not known. Thus, we assessed the association of SBP during recovery from exercise testing with the risk of SCD. METHODS:SBP was measured every 2 min during and at 2 min after a progressive cycle ergometer exercise in a representative sample of 2366 men (aged 42-61 years). During an average follow-up period of 18.9 years, a total of 180 SCDs occurred. RESULTS:SBP during recovery from exercise was associated with the risk of SCD (hazard ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.45, P=0.007 for 1 SD increment), after adjustment for age, risk factors and exercise test findings. Men with elevated SBP of over 195 mmHg at 2 min recovery from exercise had a 1.74-fold (95% confidence interval 1.18-2.54, P=0.005) risk of an SCD as compared to those with SBP less than 170 mmHg, after adjustment for age, risk factors and other exercise test findings. However, after further adjustment for resting SBP, the association between SBP at 2 min recovery from exercise and the risk of SCD became non-significant. CONCLUSION:This study shows that SBP during recovery phase from exercise is related to the risk of SCD, although its prognostic value is limited in conjunction with the assessment of resting SBP in the general male population.
  • 3区Q2影响因子: 2.6
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    12. Delayed blood pressure recovery after exercise stress test is associated with autonomic dysfunction and pulse pressure in a middle-aged healthy group.
    期刊:PloS one
    日期:2023-10-03
    DOI :10.1371/journal.pone.0285961
    BACKGROUND:Delayed heart rate (HR) and blood pressure recovery after exercise test is known as the reliable indexes of autonomic dysfunction. Here we tried to evaluate the serial changes in various indicators during exercise test and correlations with recovery of HR and blood pressure in a normotensive healthy middle-aged group. METHODS:A total of 122 patients without hypertension or diabetes was enrolled (mean age, 55.6 ± 11.0; male, 56.6%; mean blood pressure, 124.8 ± 16.6 / 81.5 ± 9.6 mmHg). Treadmill test was performed for evaluation of chest pain. Patients with coronary artery disease, positive treadmill test result, left ventricular dysfunction or renal failure were excluded. Heart rate recovery was calculated by subtracting the HR in the first or second minute of recovery period from the HR of peak exercise (HRR1 or HRR2). Systolic blood pressure in the 4th minute of recovery stage (SBPR4) was used to show delayed blood pressure recovery. RESULTS:Metabolic equivalents (METs) and HR in stage 2 to 4 were significantly correlated with both HRR1 and HRR2. Multiple regression analysis of HRR revealed significant correlation of METs and SBPR4. SBPR4 was significantly correlated with both HRR1 and HRR2 (HRR1, r = -0.376, p<0.001; HRR2, r = -0.244, p = 0.008) as well as SBP in the baseline to stage 3 and pulse pressure (r = 0.406, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Delayed BP recovery after peak exercise test revealed significant association with autonomic dysfunction and increased pulse pressure in normotensive middle-aged healthy group. It can be a simple and useful marker of autonomic dysfunction and arterial stiffness.
  • 3区Q1影响因子: 3.3
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    13. The cardiovascular system after exercise.
    作者:Romero Steven A , Minson Christopher T , Halliwill John R
    期刊:Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
    日期:2017-02-02
    DOI :10.1152/japplphysiol.00802.2016
    Recovery from exercise refers to the time period between the end of a bout of exercise and the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state. It also refers to specific physiological processes or states occurring after exercise that are distinct from the physiology of either the exercising or the resting states. In this context, recovery of the cardiovascular system after exercise occurs across a period of minutes to hours, during which many characteristics of the system, even how it is controlled, change over time. Some of these changes may be necessary for long-term adaptation to exercise training, yet some can lead to cardiovascular instability during recovery. Furthermore, some of these changes may provide insight into when the cardiovascular system has recovered from prior training and is physiologically ready for additional training stress. This review focuses on the most consistently observed hemodynamic adjustments and the underlying causes that drive cardiovascular recovery and will highlight how they differ following resistance and aerobic exercise. Primary emphasis will be placed on the hypotensive effect of aerobic and resistance exercise and associated mechanisms that have clinical relevance, but if left unchecked, can progress to symptomatic hypotension and syncope. Finally, we focus on the practical application of this information to strategies to maximize the benefits of cardiovascular recovery, or minimize the vulnerabilities of this state. We will explore appropriate field measures, and discuss to what extent these can guide an athlete's training.
  • 1区Q1影响因子: 5.3
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    14. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    期刊:Journal of the American Heart Association
    日期:2013-02-01
    DOI :10.1161/JAHA.112.004473
    BACKGROUND:We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of endurance, dynamic resistance, combined endurance and resistance training, and isometric resistance training on resting blood pressure (BP) in adults. The aims were to quantify and compare BP changes for each training modality and identify patient subgroups exhibiting the largest BP changes. METHODS AND RESULTS:Randomized controlled trials lasting ≥4 weeks investigating the effects of exercise on BP in healthy adults (age ≥18 years) and published in a peer-reviewed journal up to February 2012 were included. Random effects models were used for analyses, with data reported as weighted means and 95% confidence interval. We included 93 trials, involving 105 endurance, 29 dynamic resistance, 14 combined, and 5 isometric resistance groups, totaling 5223 participants (3401 exercise and 1822 control). Systolic BP (SBP) was reduced after endurance (-3.5 mm Hg [confidence limits -4.6 to -2.3]), dynamic resistance (-1.8 mm Hg [-3.7 to -0.011]), and isometric resistance (-10.9 mm Hg [-14.5 to -7.4]) but not after combined training. Reductions in diastolic BP (DBP) were observed after endurance (-2.5 mm Hg [-3.2 to -1.7]), dynamic resistance (-3.2 mm Hg [-4.5 to -2.0]), isometric resistance (-6.2 mm Hg [-10.3 to -2.0]), and combined (-2.2 mm Hg [-3.9 to -0.48]) training. BP reductions after endurance training were greater (P<0.0001) in 26 study groups of hypertensive subjects (-8.3 [-10.7 to -6.0]/-5.2 [-6.8 to -3.4] mm Hg) than in 50 groups of prehypertensive subjects (-2.1 [-3.3 to -0.83]/-1.7 [-2.7 to -0.68]) and 29 groups of subjects with normal BP levels (-0.75 [-2.2 to +0.69]/-1.1 [-2.2 to -0.068]). BP reductions after dynamic resistance training were largest for prehypertensive participants (-4.0 [-7.4 to -0.5]/-3.8 [-5.7 to -1.9] mm Hg) compared with patients with hypertension or normal BP. CONCLUSION:Endurance, dynamic resistance, and isometric resistance training lower SBP and DBP, whereas combined training lowers only DBP. Data from a small number of isometric resistance training studies suggest this form of training has the potential for the largest reductions in SBP.
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