Functionally distinct roles for different miR-155 expression levels through contrasting effects on gene expression, in acute myeloid leukaemia. Narayan N,Morenos L,Phipson B,Willis S N,Brumatti G,Eggers S,Lalaoui N,Brown L M,Kosasih H J,Bartolo R C,Zhou L,Catchpoole D,Saffery R,Oshlack A,Goodall G J,Ekert P G Leukemia Enforced expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in myeloid cells has been shown to have both oncogenic or tumour-suppressor functions in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We sought to resolve these contrasting effects of miR-155 overexpression using murine models of AML and human paediatric AML data sets. We show that the highest miR-155 expression levels inhibited proliferation in murine AML models. Over time, enforced miR-155 expression in AML in vitro and in vivo, however, favours selection of intermediate miR-155 expression levels that results in increased tumour burden in mice, without accelerating the onset of disease. Strikingly, we show that intermediate and high miR-155 expression also regulate very different subsets of miR-155 targets and have contrasting downstream effects on the transcriptional environments of AML cells, including genes involved in haematopoiesis and leukaemia. Furthermore, we show that elevated miR-155 expression detected in paediatric AML correlates with intermediate and not high miR-155 expression identified in our experimental models. These findings collectively describe a novel dose-dependent role for miR-155 in the regulation of AML, which may have important therapeutic implications. 10.1038/leu.2016.279