Fatty acid metabolism by the osteoblast. Kushwaha Priyanka,Wolfgang Michael J,Riddle Ryan C Bone The emergence of bone as an endocrine organ able to influence whole body metabolism, together with comorbid epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and osteoporosis, have prompted a renewed interest in the intermediary metabolism of the osteoblast. To date, most studies have focused on the utilization of glucose by this specialized cell, but the oxidation of fatty acids results in a larger energy yield. Osteoblasts express the requisite receptors and catabolic enzymes to take up and then metabolize fatty acids, which appears to be required during later stages of differentiation when the osteoblast is dedicated to matrix production and mineralization. In this article, we provide an overview of fatty acid β-oxidation and highlight studies demonstrating that the skeleton plays a significant role in the clearance of circulating lipoproteins and non-esterified fatty acids. Additionally, we review the requirement for long-chain fatty acid metabolism during post-natal bone development and the effects of anabolic stimuli on fatty acid utilization by osteoblasts. These recent findings may help to explain the skeletal manifestations of human diseases associated with impaired lipid metabolism while also providing additional insights into the metabolic requirements of skeletal homeostasis. 10.1016/j.bone.2017.08.024

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and endocannabinoids in health and disease. Freitas Hércules Rezende,Isaac Alinny Rosendo,Malcher-Lopes Renato,Diaz Bruno Lourenço,Trevenzoli Isis Hara,De Melo Reis Ricardo Augusto Nutritional neuroscience Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs). They mediate significant effects in the fine-tune adjustment of body homeostasis. Phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids also rule the daily life of billions worldwide, as they are involved in obesity, depression and drug addiction. Consequently, there is growing interest to reveal novel active compounds in this field. Cloning of cannabinoid receptors in the 90s and the identification of the endogenous mediators arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonyglycerol (2-AG), led to the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), together with their metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters. Today, the ECS is known to be involved in diverse functions such as appetite control, food intake, energy balance, neuroprotection, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, mood disorders, emesis, modulation of pain, inflammatory responses, as well as in cancer therapy. Western diet as well as restriction of micronutrients and fatty acids, such as DHA, could be related to altered production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. eicosanoids) and ECs, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, depression or impairing conditions, such as Alzheimer' s disease. Here we review how diets based in PUFAs might be linked to ECS and to the maintenance of central and peripheral metabolism, brain plasticity, memory and learning, blood flow, and genesis of neural cells. 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1347373