Associations of General and Abdominal Obesity with the Risk of Glioma Development.
Ahn Stephen,Han Kyungdo,Lee Jung-Eun,Jeun Sin-Soo,Park Yong-Moon,Yang Seung Ho
Cancers
The association between obesity and the risk of glioma remains unclear. We sought to evaluate the potential association between general and abdominal obesity and the risk of glioma based on a nationwide population-based cohort study of Koreans. Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance System cohort, 6,833,744 people older than 20 years who underwent regular national health examination in both 2009 and 2011 were followed until the end of 2017. We documented 4771 glioma cases based on an ICD-10 code of C71 during the median follow-up period of 7.30 years. Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m were at significantly higher risk of developing glioma than those with a BMI < 25.0 kg/m (HR 1.08 CI 1.02-1.15). Individuals with a waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm (males)/85 cm (females) also had a significantly higher risk of glioma than those with a WC < 90 cm (males)/85 cm (females) (HR 1.16 CI 1.09-1.24). In the group with a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m, individuals with abdominal obesity were at significantly higher risk of developing glioma (HR 1.18 CI 1.09-1.27) than those without abdominal obesity. The role of abdominal obesity in this association was stronger in women than in men. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that obese people may be at higher risk of glioma, especially centrally obese people from an Asian population with a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m. Loss of visceral fat in people with abdominal obesity may reduce their risk of developing glioma.
10.3390/cancers13122859
Association between inflammation, oxidative stress, vitamin D, copper and zinc with pre-obesity and obesity in school children from the city of Podgorica, Montenegro.
Jaksic Marina,Martinovic Milica,Gligorovic-Barhanovic Najdana,Vujacic Aleksandar,Djurovic Dijana,Nedovic-Vukovic Mirjana
Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM
Background Childhood obesity is a serious health condition with increasing rates worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between inflammation, oxidative stress, vitamin D, copper and zinc in pre-obese and obese children compared to controls. Methods The study involved 202 children aged 7-15 years (63.9% boys), randomly chosen from 10 elementary schools in Podgorica, Montenegro. Participants were divided into three groups according to their nutritional status (International Obesity Task Force [IOTF] criteria): normal-weight (42.1%), pre-obese (40.6%) and obese (17.3%). Serum biochemical analyses were performed (C-reactive protein [CRP], retinol-binding protein [RBP], total antioxidant status [TAS], total vitamin D [VD], copper and zinc). Results Serum TAS and CRP concentrations were higher in pre-obese and obese children compared to controls (p < 0.001). Serum VD concentrations were lower in pre-obese and obese children compared to their normal-weight peers (p = 0.027 and p = 0.054, respectively). Copper, zinc and RBP concentrations did not differ significantly among the groups (p > 0.05). In pre-obese and obese children, a positive correlation was found between CRP and copper (r = 0.305, p = 0.011 and r = 0.440, p = 0.013, respectively), and TAS and RBP (r = 0.528, p < 0.001 and r = 0.434, p = 0.015, respectively). Standard regression analyses showed that CRP and TAS increase (p < 0.001) whereas VD decreases (p = 0.011) with the body mass index (BMI). Conclusions We show that pre-obesity and obesity in childhood are positively associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, and inversely associated with VD status. Copper and zinc concentrations were not associated with excess fat in children.
10.1515/jpem-2019-0086
Nickel Sensitivity Is Associated with GH-IGF1 Axis Impairment and Pituitary Abnormalities on MRI in Overweight and Obese Subjects.
Risi Renata,Masieri Simonetta,Poggiogalle Eleonora,Watanabe Mikiko,Caputi Alessandra,Tozzi Rossella,Gangitano Elena,Masi Davide,Mariani Stefania,Gnessi Lucio,Lubrano Carla
International journal of molecular sciences
Nickel (Ni) is a ubiquitous metal, the exposure of which is implied in the development of contact dermatitis (nickel allergic contact dermatitis (Ni-ACD)) and Systemic Ni Allergy Syndrome (SNAS), very common among overweight/obese patients. Preclinical studies have linked Ni exposure to abnormal production/release of Growth Hormone (GH), and we previously found an association between Ni-ACD/SNAS and GH-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis dysregulation in obese individuals, altogether suggesting a role for this metal as a pituitary disruptor. We herein aimed to directly evaluate the pituitary gland in overweight/obese patients with signs/symptoms suggestive of Ni allergy, exploring the link with GH secretion; 859 subjects with overweight/obesity and suspected of Ni allergy underwent Ni patch tests. Among these, 106 were also suspected of GH deficiency (GHD) and underwent dynamic testing as well as magnetic resonance imaging for routine follow up of benign diseases or following GHD diagnosis. We report that subjects with Ni allergies show a greater GH-IGF1 axis impairment, a higher prevalence of Empty Sella (ES), a reduced pituitary volume and a higher normalized T2 pituitary intensity compared to nonallergic ones. We hypothesize that Ni may be detrimental to the pituitary gland, through increased inflammation, thus contributing to GH-IGF1 axis dysregulation.
10.3390/ijms21249733
High- and low- selenium diets affect endocrine energy balance during early programming.
Ojeda María Luisa,Carreras Olimpia,Díaz-Castro Javier,Murillo María Luisa,Nogales Fátima
Toxicology and applied pharmacology
High- and low- Se diets received by dams during gestation and lactation are related to insulin resistance in their pups. High-Se diet leads to an increase in serum insulin levels, which does not function properly, and an anabolic process. Low-Se diet is related to very low insulin values and an extreme catabolic energy imbalance. Selenoproteins have been implicated directly in the general endocrine regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis. To obtain information concerning how Se intake by dams is involved in regulating endocrine energy balance in progeny, three experimental groups of dam rats were used: control (Se: 0.1 ppm), Se-supplemented (Se: 0.5 ppm) and Se-deficient (Se: 0.01 ppm). At the end of lactation (21d old), the pups' appetite profile, Se levels, peptides from gastrointestinal tract (including pancreas), leptin, thyroid hormones, skeletal growth markers and cytokines in serum were measured. Low-Se diet leads to severe growth retardation, underdeveloped glands, a non-functional pancreas, non-operative high serum leptin levels and low GIT-anorexigenic signals. High-Se diet leads to non-operative high insulin secretion, obesity, inflammation and low leptin levels. These results point to Se as an important marker and a possible dietary supplementation treatment for gestating and lactating mothers in order to avoid metabolic disorders such as gestational diabetes or intrauterine growth retardation which could affect their progeny's future health in adulthood.
10.1016/j.taap.2019.114744
Fingernail selenium levels in relation to the risk of obesity in Chinese children: A cross-sectional study.
Xu Renying,Chen Cheng,Zhou Yiquan,Zhang Xiaomin,Wan Yanping
Medicine
Selenium (Se) has been suggested to be beneficial to obesity development. However, limited studies have evaluated the association between Se and childhood obesity and the findings are inconsistent.The aim of this study was to examine the association of Se levels with obesity in children in a cross-sectional study.A total of 62 obese (21 girls) and 65 normal-weight children (27 girls) aged 7 to 13 years were recruited in Shanghai, China. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ its 95th age- and sex-specific percentile for children. Participant demographic data and parental information were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Se concentration in fingernail clippings was quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.The average age was 10.9 years (standard deviation = 1.0) and the mean BMI was 21.2 kg/m (standard deviation = 5.0). Fingernail Se levels were relatively higher among normal-weight children as compared with obese participants, though the difference was not statistically significant (P = .79). Se levels were inversely associated with the risk of childhood obesity after adjustment for potential confounders. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.24 (0.07-0.84) comparing participants in the highest with those who in the lowest tertile of Se levels (Plinear-trend = .03).Our study supported an inverse association between fingernail Se levels and the risk of obesity in Chinese children. Data generated from the present study are useful for designing future prospective cohort studies and/or randomized clinical trials.
10.1097/MD.0000000000010027
Maternal-foetal status of copper, iron, molybdenum, selenium and zinc in obese gestational diabetic pregnancies.
Al-Saleh E,Nandakumaran M,Al-Rashdan I,Al-Harmi J,Al-Shammari M
Acta diabetologica
Obesity is well known to be a contributory risk factor for several disease states, including diabetes mellitus. Paucity of data on maternal-foetal status of essential trace elements in obese diabetic pregnancies prompted us to undertake this study. Maternal venous and umbilical arterial and venous blood samples were collected from obese gestational diabetic patients (Body Mass Index (BMI) >30) and control obese pregnant women (BMI>30) at time of spontaneous delivery or caesarean sections and concentrations of essential trace elements such as Cu, Fe, Mo, Se and Zn were determined in various samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and total antioxidant (TAO) in maternal and umbilical blood were assessed using appropriate reagent kits. Maternal-foetal disposition and exchange parameters of elements studied were assessed using established criteria. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mo, Se and Zn in serum of control obese pregnant women (n=10) averaged 2404, 2663, 11.0, 89.0 and 666 microg/l respectively, while in the obese diabetic group (n=11), the corresponding values averaged 2441, 2580, 13.3, 85.1 and 610 microg/l respectively. Activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, GPX and TAO were not significantly different in maternal veins of control and diabetic groups. Varying differences were noted in the case of antioxidant enzyme activities in umbilical blood samples of control and study groups. We conclude that obesity is not associated with significant alterations in antioxidant enzyme status in gestational diabetes and only with relatively minor alterations in status of some essential trace elements.
10.1007/s00592-007-0250-x
Consumption of Brazil nuts with high selenium levels increased inflammation biomarkers in obese women: A randomized controlled trial.
Duarte Graziela Biude Silva,Reis Bruna Zavarize,Rogero Marcelo Macedo,Vargas-Mendez Ernesto,Júnior Fernando Barbosa,Cercato Cintia,Cozzolino Silvia Maria Franciscato
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
OBJECTIVE:Increased inflammatory response is an important factor in the pathophysiology of obesity. The mineral selenium (Se), of which one of the main food sources is the Brazil nut, has important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions through the action of selenoproteins. Thus, the evaluation of the influence of this micronutrient in this context is of great relevance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Brazil nut intake with high Se concentrations on inflammatory biomarkers and its relation to Se status in obese women. METHODS:A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out with 55 women recruited at Clinical Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Patients were randomly assigned to either the Brazil nut group (BN) or the control group (CO) and followed up for 2 mo. The BN group consumed 1 unit/d of Brazil nuts (∼ 1261 μg/Se); the CO group did not receive any intervention. At baseline and after 2 mo, analysis of biochemical parameters related to Se status, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers were performed. RESULTS:At baseline, both groups did not present Se deficiency. In the BN group, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in all Se biomarkers and in gene expression of several proinflammatory parameters (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4) were observed after the intervention period. No changes were observed for the CO group. CONCLUSION:Although there were no changes in plasma inflammatory biomarkers levels, a significant increase in gene expression may be an indication of a proinflammatory stimulus in obesity, induced by the consumption of Brazil nuts with high Se levels.
10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.009
Selenium status and oxidative stress in obese: Influence of adiposity.
Soares de Oliveira Ana R,Jayanne Clímaco Cruz Kyria,Beatriz Silva Morais Jennifer,Rocha Dos Santos Loanne,Rodrigues de Sousa Melo Stéfany,Fontenelle Larissa C,Santos de Sousa Gustavo,Costa Maia Carla Soraya,Oliveira Duarte de Araújo Camilla,Leal Mendes Islanne,Simeone Henriques Gilberto,Costa Silva Vladimir,do Nascimento Marreiro Dilina
European journal of clinical investigation
BACKGROUND:Selenium deficiency appears to limit antioxidant defense in obese individuals. This study evaluated the association between adiposity indices, selenium status, and oxidative stress in obese women. METHODS:This was a cross-sectional study involving 139 women who were divided into the following two groups: the case group (obese women, n = 63) and the control group (normal-weight women, n = 76). Plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary selenium levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Body weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and neck circumference were measured. Body mass index, waist/height ratio, conicity index, body fat index, body adiposity index, body circularity index, and visceral adiposity index were calculated. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined. The erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer and Ransel kit. RESULTS:Obese women had selenium deficiency characterized by reduction in plasma and erythrocyte concentrations (P < .001). The urinary selenium excretion was higher in the case group compared to the control group (P < .001). Adiposity indices values and plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly elevated in obese women (P < .001). There was a significant association between adiposity indices and selenium status (P < .001), and between erythrocyte selenium and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (P < .001). CONCLUSION:Obese women evaluated in the study have reduced plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of selenium and an increased urinary excretion of selenium. The correlation analysis reveals an association between intra-abdominal fat accumulation and selenium metabolism and oxidative stress.
10.1111/eci.13538
A Prospective Study of Serum Trace Elements in Healthy Korean Pregnant Women.
Choi Rihwa,Sun Jiyu,Yoo Heejin,Kim Seonwoo,Cho Yoon Young,Kim Hye Jeong,Kim Sun Wook,Chung Jae Hoon,Oh Soo-Young,Lee Soo-Youn
Nutrients
This prospective study sought to investigate serum levels of trace elements (cobalt, copper, zinc, and selenium) and to assess their effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Serum levels of trace elements in 245 Korean pregnant women (median gestational age at delivery was 39 + 4 weeks and interquartile range was 38 + 4-40 + 1 weeks) were compared with those of 527 general adults and those of previous studies in other ethnic groups. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, neonatal birth weight, and congenital abnormalities were assessed. The median serum trace element concentrations of all pregnant women were: cobalt: 0.39 μg/L (interquartile range, IQR 0.29-0.53), copper: 165.0 μg/dL (IQR 144.0-187.0), zinc: 57.0 μg/dL (IQR 50.0-64.0), and selenium: 94.0 μg/L (IQR 87.0-101.0). Serum cobalt and copper concentrations were higher in pregnant women than in the general population, whereas zinc and selenium levels were lower ( < 0.01). Concentrations of all four trace elements varied significantly during the three trimesters ( < 0.05), and seasonal variation was found in copper, zinc, and selenium, but was not observed for cobalt. The prevalence of preeclampsia was significantly lower with high copper ( = 0.03). Trace element levels varied by pregnancy trimester and season, and alteration in copper status during pregnancy might influence pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia.
10.3390/nu8110749
Differences in trace metal concentrations (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, And Ni) in whole blood, plasma, and urine of obese and nonobese children.
Biological trace element research
High-performance ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods have been applied to estimate the content of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Ni in whole blood, plasma, and urine of obese and nonobese children. The study was conducted on a group of 81 Polish children of age 6-17 years (37 males, 44 females). Obese children were defined as those with body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile in each age-gender-specific group. Statistical testing was done by the use of nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis's and Mann-Whitney's U) and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Significant correlations appeared for control group in plasma (Mn-Cd, Ni-Co), urine (Cu-Co), and blood (Fe-Cu), while for obese patients in plasma (Cd-Mn, Ni-Cu, Ni-Zn) and urine (Fe-Cd, Co-Mn). Sex criteria did not influence correlations between metals' content in plasma and urine of obese patients. Metals' abundance was correlated in non-corresponding combinations of body fluids. Rare significant differences between content of metals according to sex and the type of body fluids were discovered: Zn in plasma from obese patients of both sexes, and Zn, Co, and Mn in blood, Mn in plasma from healthy subjects. Negative correlations between BMI and Zn in blood, Cu in plasma, and Fe in urine were discovered for girls (control group). Positive correlation between Co content in plasma and BMI was discovered for obese boys. The changes in metals' content in body fluids may be indicators of obesity. Content of zinc, copper, and cobalt should be monitored in children with elevated BMI to avoid deficiency problems.
10.1007/s12011-013-9783-8
Micronutrient status and associated factors of adiposity in primary school children with normal and high body fat in Colombo municipal area, Sri Lanka.
BMC pediatrics
BACKGROUND:The prevalence of obesity and associated risk of chronic diseases are increasing among the paediatric population. The effectiveness of preventive measures and interventions are likely to improve when all factors which associate with obesity in a specific target group are considered. Currently such comprehensive data is unavailable for Sri Lankan children aged 8-9 years. METHODS:This paper pertains to the data collected from August-2015 to November-2016 for a case-control study which included cases (high body fat) (N = 160; males-81) and controls (normal body fat) (N = 164; males-80) recruited from primary schools in the Colombo Municipal area. Anthropometry and body composition (Bioelectrical impedance analysis-BIA) were measured. Diet, physical activity and socio-demographic data were collected using validated interviewer administered questionnaires. Serum concentrations of vitamins A, D [25(OH)D], E, folate (serum and red blood cell-RBC), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), ferritin, leptin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed using fasting blood samples. RESULTS:Cases were from higher socio-economic strata and spent significantly less time on physical activities, more time on sedentary behaviours and consumed higher energy compared to the controls. Cases from both genders had significantly lower levels of vitamin D [25 (OH)D], Fe and Mg (all p < 0.05) and higher levels of Cu and Ca (all p < 0.01) compared to controls. Higher levels of ferritin and Cr were seen among male (p < 0.001) and female (p > 0.05) cases compared to the controls. However, total serum folate levels were lower in male (p < 0.01) and female (p > 0.05) cases while the RBC folate levels were higher among male (p < 0.01) and female (p > 0.05) cases compared with controls. Vitamins A, E, Se, Mn and Co (p > 0.05) were not significantly different between groups. The inflammatory markers, both hs-CRP and leptin levels were higher among cases (p < 0.001) compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS:This study highlights higher socio-economic status, lower physical activity, more sedentary behaviours, higher energy intake and inconsistent distribution of micronutrients among the children with high body fat when compared with the control group. Increased levels of inflammatory markers indicate the presence of the risk of chronic inflammation in children with high body fat.
10.1186/s12887-020-02473-3
Multiple metal exposures and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014.
Bulka Catherine M,Persky Victoria W,Daviglus Martha L,Durazo-Arvizu Ramon A,Argos Maria
Environmental research
BACKGROUND:Epidemiologic studies suggest toxic metals are linked with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, while experimental studies indicate nutritionally essential metals are involved in the metabolism of macronutrients and defense against oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES:We sought to evaluate how essential and toxic metals are cross-sectionally related to metabolic syndrome, a clustering of cardiometabolic conditions. METHODS:Using data from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 1088), we characterized metal concentrations as measured in spot urine (arsenic, cadmium, and inorganic/elemental mercury), whole blood (manganese, lead, methylmercury, and selenium), and serum (copper and zinc) samples. Principal component analysis was performed to derive patterns of exposures. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2009 Joint Scientific Statement as the presence of ≥ 3 of the following conditions: high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high fasting glucose, and abdominal obesity. RESULTS:After adjustment for potential confounders, prevalence ratios for metabolic syndrome comparing the highest to the lowest quartiles were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.18-1.67) for the arsenic-inorganic/elemental mercury pattern, 0.95 (0.78-1.16) for the methylmercury-manganese pattern, 0.73 (0.57-0.94) for the cadmium-lead pattern, 0.91 (0.76-1.10) for the copper pattern, and 1.36 (1.13-1.63) for the selenium-zinc pattern. The positive associations observed for the arsenic-inorganic/elemental mercury pattern were due to an elevated prevalence of high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, and high triglycerides among those with greater exposures. Associations for the selenium-zinc pattern were driven by a positive relationship with high triglycerides. Greater lead-cadmium co-exposures were related to a lower prevalence of dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS:These cross-sectional findings suggest both toxic and essential metal exposures may contribute to cardiometabolic health, but need to be confirmed with prospective data.
10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.022
Relationship between the concentrations of heavy metals and bioelements in aging men with metabolic syndrome.
Rotter Iwona,Kosik-Bogacka Danuta,Dołęgowska Barbara,Safranow Krzysztof,Lubkowska Anna,Laszczyńska Maria
International journal of environmental research and public health
Heavy metals may exacerbate metabolic syndrome (MS) but abnormal serum concentrations of bioelements may also co-exist with MS. The primary aim of the study was to assess the relationship of blood heavy metal and bioelement concentrations and MS, in men aged 50-75 years. Heavy metals-lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), tungsten (W), Macroelements-magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca), and microelements-iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se) and manganese (Mn), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), abdominal circumference (AC) and blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TCh), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, and Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The men with MS showed statistically significant higher Zn and lower Mg concentrations. Those with diabetes had higher Ca concentration and lower Mg concentration. Cr and Mn concentrations were significantly higher in obese men. The participants with hypertension had lower Mg concentration. We found statistically significant positive correlations (W-TCh, W-LDL, Mg-TCh, Mg-LDL, Ca-TCh, Ca-LDL, Ca-insulin, Ca-HOMAR-IR, Zn-TG, Zn-insulin, Zn-HOMA-IR, Cu-BP systolic, Mn-BMI, Mn-AC, Mn-WHR, Mn-insulin, Mn-HOMA-IR, Se-TCh, Se-LDL, Se-TG, Se-insulin, Se-HOMA-IR, Cr-TCh, Cr-HDL, Cr-LDL, Cr-TG) and negative correlations (Cd-insulin, Hg-WHR, W-insulin, W-HOMA-IR, Mg-BMI, Mg-AC, Mg-WHR, Mg-BP systolic, Mo-insulin, Mn-HDL). Tungsten may contribute to lipid disorders. Magnesium appears to play the protective role in the occurrence of metabolic disorders. Microelements Mn, Cr and Se may intensify MS.
10.3390/ijerph120403944
Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Cadmium With Child Growth, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Traits.
Chatzi Leda,Ierodiakonou Despo,Margetaki Katerina,Vafeiadi Marina,Chalkiadaki Georgia,Roumeliotaki Theano,Fthenou Eleni,Pentheroudaki Eirini,McConnell Rob,Kogevinas Manolis,Kippler Maria
American journal of epidemiology
Prenatal cadmium exposure has been associated with impaired fetal growth; much less is known about the impact during later childhood on growth and cardiometabolic traits. To elucidate the associations of prenatal cadmium exposure with child growth, adiposity, and cardiometabolic traits in 515 mother-child pairs in the Rhea Mother-Child Study cohort (Heraklion, Greece, 2007-2012), we measured urinary cadmium concentrations during early pregnancy and assessed their associations with repeated weight and height measurements (taken from birth through childhood), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, and serum lipid, leptin, and C-reactive protein levels at age 4 years. Adjusted linear, Poisson, and mixed-effects regression models were used, with interaction terms for child sex and maternal smoking added. Elevated prenatal cadmium levels (third tertile of urinary cadmium concentration (0.571-2.658 μg/L) vs. first (0.058-0.314 μg/L) and second (0.315-0.570 μg/L) tertiles combined) were significantly associated with a slower weight trajectory (per standard deviation score) in all children (β = -0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.32, -0.02) and a slower height trajectory in girls (β = -0.30, 95% CI: -0.52,-0.09; P for interaction = 0.025) and in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy (β = -0.48, 95% CI: -0.83, -1.13; P for interaction = 0.027). We concluded that prenatal cadmium exposure was associated with delayed growth in early childhood. Further research is needed to understand cadmium-related sex differences and the role of coexposure to maternal smoking during early pregnancy.
10.1093/aje/kwy216
Cadmium in Human Diseases: It's More than Just a Mere Metal.
Fatima Ghizal,Raza Ammar Mehdi,Hadi Najah,Nigam Nitu,Mahdi Abbas Ali
Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB
Cadmium (Cd), poisoning has been reported from all around the World, causing many deaths annually. Cd is a toxic heavy metal, and is widely present in environment. It has been reported that chronic Cd exposure is associated with kidney disease, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Smoking causes exposure to significantly higher Cd levels in humans. Tobacco smoke transports Cd into the lungs. Blood then transport it to the rest of the body where it increases effects by potentiating Cd that is already present from Cd-rich food. Other high exposures of Cd can occur with people, who live near hazardous waste sites, or factories that release Cd into the air and people who work in the metal refinery industry. Breathing of Cd can severely damage the lungs and may even cause death. Multiple studies have shown an association between environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals including toxic metals and obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. At the same time, the existing data on the impact of Cd exposure on obesity and diabetes are contradictory. On the converse, results of epidemiologic studies linking Cd exposure and Osteoporosis, overweight or obesity are far less consistent and even conflicting, also depending on differences in exposure levels. In turn, laboratory studies demonstrated that Cd adversely affects adipose tissue physiopathology through several mechanisms, thus contributing to increased insulin resistance and enhancing diabetes. However, intimate biological mechanisms linking Cd exposure with human diseases are still to be adequately investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to explore the impact of Cd exposure and status on the risk of Cd in human diseases.
10.1007/s12291-019-00839-8
Distributions of heavy metals in maternal and cord blood and the association with infant birth weight in China.
The Journal of reproductive medicine
OBJECTIVE:To measure serum levels of heavy metals in Chinese pregnant women and their newborns, and to evaluate the association of these metals with infant birth weight. STUDY DESIGN:We measured serum concentrations of lead (Pb), thallium (Tl), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), arsenic (As), nickle (Ni), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), and mercury (Hg) in 81 mother-infant pairs using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of these heavy metals with infant birth weight. RESULTS:Se, Pb, As, and Cd showed the highest detection rates (98.8%) in both the maternal and cord blood, followed by Tl, which was detected in 79.0% and 71.6% of the maternal and cord blood samples, respectively. Pb had the highest concentrations in both the maternal and cord blood samples of all toxic metals detected, with concentrations of 23.1 ng/g and 22.0 ng/g, respectively. No significant associations were observed between any heavy metals and birth weight. However, Tl in the maternal and cord blood was most notably inversely associated with birth weight. CONCLUSION:Se intake was low in Chinese women and their newborns, whereas Pb had the highest concentrations in both the maternal and cord blood samples of all toxic metals detected. Tl was a unique pollution source in this population, and Tl levels were shown to have the largest effect on decreasing infant birth weight in this pilot study. Further research incorporating larger sample sizes is needed to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to heavy metals--especially Tl and Pb--on birth outcome in Chinese infants.
Concentrations of heavy metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood.
Ong C N,Chia S E,Foo S C,Ong H Y,Tsakok M,Liouw P
Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine
Concentrations of lead, cadmium, methylmercury and total mercury were measured in maternal and umbilical cord blood using graphite atomic absorption spectrometry. Two essential metals, copper and zinc, were also determined using ion chromatography. Lead, copper and zinc were found to be lower in the cord blood whereas methylmercury and total mercury were higher in cord blood than in maternal blood. Little differences were noted for cadmium in maternal and cord blood. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations in maternal and cord blood with regard to lead (correlation coefficient, r = 0.44), copper (r = 0.34), zinc (r = 0.29), methylmercury (r = 0.44) and total mercury (r = 0.58). These results suggest that, like essential metals, most heavy metals can move rather freely across the human placenta. The potential health effects of heavy metal transfer from mothers to young infants cannot be discounted.
10.1007/bf00154234
Distribution and predictors of 20 toxic and essential metals in the umbilical cord blood of Chinese newborns.
Chemosphere
Early-life exposure to heavy metals and/or trace metal imbalances can have negative developmental effects. Here we sought to characterize exposure profiles for 20 heavy metals and trace elements in umbilical cord blood plasma and identify demographic predictors of exposure. Twenty metals were measured in cord plasma from 357 Chinese infants using ICP-MS. Relationships between demographic variables and metals were analyzed using generalized linear models and logistic regression. Ten metals (antimony [Sb], cobalt [Co], cesium [Cs], copper [Cu], lead [Pb], molybdenum [Mo], rubidium [Rb], selenium [Se], strontium [Sr], titanium [Ti], zinc [Zn]) were detected in all samples. Season of birth was the strongest predictor of metals in cord blood across analyses. Infants born in the spring had 0.1-0.2 μg L-1 higher logAs and logCo in their cord blood (β [95%CI] = 0.22 [0.01,0.42], p = 0.04; 0.11 [0.01,0.22], p = 0.04), while infants born in the summer had higher Sb, logB, logHg, and logZn (β [95%CI] = 0.74 [0.24,1.24], p = 0.004; 0.11 [0.00,0.21], p = 0.04; 0.29 [0.08,0.49], p = 0.007; 0.18 [0.06,0.31], p = 0.005), compared to those born in fall/winter. Prenatal heavy metal exposure and/or trace metal deficiencies are global concerns because of increasing awareness of downstream developmental effects.
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.124
Normal-Weight Central Obesity: Implications for Total and Cardiovascular Mortality.
Sahakyan Karine R,Somers Virend K,Rodriguez-Escudero Juan P,Hodge David O,Carter Rickey E,Sochor Ondrej,Coutinho Thais,Jensen Michael D,Roger Véronique L,Singh Prachi,Lopez-Jimenez Francisco
Annals of internal medicine
BACKGROUND:The relationship between central obesity and survival in community-dwelling adults with normal body mass index (BMI) is not well-known. OBJECTIVE:To examine total and cardiovascular mortality risks associated with central obesity and normal BMI. DESIGN:Stratified multistage probability design. SETTING:NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). PARTICIPANTS:15,184 adults (52.3% women) aged 18 to 90 years. MEASUREMENTS:Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the relationship of obesity patterns defined by BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and total and cardiovascular mortality risk after adjustment for confounding factors. RESULTS:Persons with normal-weight central obesity had the worst long-term survival. For example, a man with a normal BMI (22 kg/m2) and central obesity had greater total mortality risk than one with similar BMI but no central obesity (hazard ratio [HR], 1.87 [95% CI, 1.53 to 2.29]), and this man had twice the mortality risk of participants who were overweight or obese according to BMI only (HR, 2.24 [CI, 1.52 to 3.32] and 2.42 [CI, 1.30 to 4.53], respectively). Women with normal-weight central obesity also had a higher mortality risk than those with similar BMI but no central obesity (HR, 1.48 [CI, 1.35 to 1.62]) and those who were obese according to BMI only (HR, 1.32 [CI, 1.15 to 1.51]). Expected survival estimates were consistently lower for those with central obesity when age and BMI were controlled for. LIMITATIONS:Body fat distribution was assessed based on anthropometric indicators alone. Information on comorbidities was collected by self-report. CONCLUSION:Normal-weight central obesity defined by WHR is associated with higher mortality than BMI-defined obesity, particularly in the absence of central fat distribution. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE:National Institutes of Health, American Heart Association, European Regional Development Fund, and Czech Ministry of Health.
10.7326/M14-2525
Body Roundness Index Is a Superior Obesity Index in Predicting Diabetes Risk Among Hypertensive Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study in China.
Liu Yingshan,Liu Xiaocong,Guan Haixia,Zhang Shuting,Zhu Qibo,Fu Xiaoying,Chen Hongmei,Tang Songtao,Feng Yingqing,Kuang Jian
Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine
Individuals with both hypertension and diabetes have been confirmed to significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality compared with those with only hypertension or diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of different anthropometric indices for predicting diabetes risk among hypertensive patients. The study group consisted of 6,990 hypertensive adults without diabetes who were recruited in China. Demographic and clinical assessment, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and anthropometric measurements, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and novel indices (ABSI, AVI, BAI, BRI, CI, WWI, and WHHR), were performed at baseline and during the (median) 3-year follow-up. Cox regression analyses were conducted to estimate effects from these indices for the onset of diabetes. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to assess the predictive capacities of the anthropometric indices and determine the optimal cut-points. A total of 816 (11.7%) developed diabetes during our prospective study. Multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed weight, WC, WHR, WHtR, BAI, BRI, and WWI as the independent risk factor for diabetes among hypertensive patients, regardless of whether it was treated as a continuous or categorical variable ( < 0.05). Further Cox analyses combining BMI and different central obesity indices showed that elevated WC, WHR, WHtR, AVI, BRI, CI, regardless of the general obesity status, were found to be each independently associated with increased diabetes risk ( < 0.05). Dynamic increases of BRI < 5.24 to BRI ≥ 5.24 were associated with increased risk (HR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02, 1.64), and its reversal was associated with reduced risk (HR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23, 1.98) compared with the others (HR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.63, 2.32). ROC analysis indicated that the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) of the anthropometric indices ranged from 0.531 to 0.63, with BRI (cut-off value = 4.62) and WHtR having the largest area. Based on this novel study, BRI was the most superior predictor and independent determinant for diabetes onset among the hypertensive population. Hypertensive patients with BRI > 4.62, regardless of general obesity status, were at high risk of diabetes. Thus, the prompt screening and diagnosis of diabetes should be carried out among these patients for timely integrated intervention.
10.3389/fcvm.2021.736073
Association of triglyceride-glucose index and its interaction with obesity on hypertension risk in Chinese: a population-based study.
Wang Kunyan,He Gui,Zhang Yuehua,Yin Jingjing,Yan Yali,Zhang Ye,Wang Kaijuan
Journal of human hypertension
Hypertension and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index are both closely associated with insulin resistance, respectively, while the role of TyG index and the association between TyG index and obesity on hypertension risk remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the association and interactive effect of TyG index and obesity on hypertension risk. There was a population-based cross-sectional survey in Henan, China. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between TyG index and the risk of prehypertension and hypertension. The area under curves (AUC) of TyG index and joint indicators (TyG index and obesity indices) was calculated to assess the predictive ability of hypertension. The additive interaction was computed to evaluate the interactive effect between TyG index and obesity. Compared with the lowest TyG quartile, participants in the highest quartile had an increased risk of prehypertension (odds ratio (OR): 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18-2.44) and hypertension (OR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.80-3.57). The AUCs of joint indicators were significantly higher than TyG index in predicting hypertension (all P < 0.01). Presence of higher TyG index enhanced the ORs of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percent body fat (PBF) from 3.50 (95% CI: 2.55-4.80) to 6.51 (95% CI: 4.81-8.82), and from 3.88 (95% CI: 2.78-5.42) to 7.09 (95% CI: 5.11-9.84) with significant additive interaction on hypertension, respectively. Increased TyG index was significantly associated with a higher risk of prehypertension and hypertension in Chinese adults. Besides, our results also demonstrated the interactions of TyG index and WHtR and PBF on hypertension risk.
10.1038/s41371-020-0326-4
Children's Lipid Accumulation Product Combining Visceral Adiposity Index is a Novel Indicator for Predicting Unhealthy Metabolic Phenotype Among Chinese Children and Adolescents.
Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy
PURPOSE:The predictive capacity between children's lipid accumulation product (CLAP) combining visceral adiposity index (VAI), CLAP, and VAI with metabolically unhealthy phenotype remained unclear. This study aimed to compare the ability of CLAP combining VAI, CLAP, VAI and traditional adiposity indicators (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) to predict metabolically unhealthy phenotype among Chinese children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS:In the cross-sectional study, 1714 children and adolescents aged 12 to 18 were selected by random cluster sampling, underwent a questionnaire survey, physical examination, biochemical tests and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Participants were divided into four phenotypes according to BMI and metabolic syndrome components. The logarithmic CLAP (LnCLAP), VAI, BMI, WC, WHtR and WHR were standardized for sex and age using the z-score method (standardized variables: LnCLAP-z, VAI-z, BMI-z, WC-z, WHtR-z and WHR-z). RESULTS:LnCLAP-z ≥ 1, VAI-z ≥ 1, WC-z ≥ 1, and WHR-z ≥ 1 increased the risk of metabolically unhealthy normal-weight phenotype (the OR and 95% CI were 4.18 (1.75-10.02), 24.05 (12.79-45.21), 6.17 (1.14-33.51), 2.69 (1.07-6.72), respectively), LnCLAP-z ≥ 1, VAI-z ≥ 1 and WC-z ≥ 1 increased the risk of metabolically unhealthy overweight or obese phenotype (the OR and 95% CI were 2.67 (1.40-5.09), 10.30 (3.03-35.03), 2.19 (1.18-4.09), respectively). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CLAP combining VAI in the prediction of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype were 0.837 (0.776-0.899) and 0.876 (0.834-0.918) for boys and girls with normal-weight, 0.853 (0.803-0.903) and 0.794 (0.711-0.878) for boys and girls with overweight and obese (all < 0.001), which were higher than CLAP, VAI, BMI, WC, WHtR and WHR. CONCLUSION:Among Chinese children and adolescents, CLAP combining VAI was a more effective indicator than CLAP, VAI and traditional adiposity indicators in predicting unhealthy metabolic phenotype.
10.2147/DMSO.S337412
A better index of body adiposity.
Bergman Richard N,Stefanovski Darko,Buchanan Thomas A,Sumner Anne E,Reynolds James C,Sebring Nancy G,Xiang Anny H,Watanabe Richard M
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and throughout the world. It is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. The BMI has been used to assess body fat for almost 200 years. BMI is known to be of limited accuracy, and is different for males and females with similar %body adiposity. Here, we define an alternative parameter, the body adiposity index (BAI = ((hip circumference)/((height)(1.5))-18)). The BAI can be used to reflect %body fat for adult men and women of differing ethnicities without numerical correction. We used a population study, the "BetaGene" study, to develop the new index of body adiposity. %Body fat, as measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), was used as a "gold standard" for validation. Hip circumference (R = 0.602) and height (R = -0.524) are strongly correlated with %body fat and therefore chosen as principal anthropometric measures on which we base BAI. The BAI measure was validated in the "Triglyceride and Cardiovascular Risk in African-Americans (TARA)" study of African Americans. Correlation between DXA-derived %adiposity and the BAI was R = 0.85 for TARA with a concordance of C_b = 0.95. BAI can be measured without weighing, which may render it useful in settings where measuring accurate body weight is problematic. In summary, we have defined a new parameter, the BAI, which can be calculated from hip circumference and height only. It can be used in the clinical setting even in remote locations with very limited access to reliable scales. The BAI estimates %adiposity directly.
10.1038/oby.2011.38