Within-litter variation in muscle fiber characteristics, pig performance, and meat quality traits.
Nissen P M,Jorgensen P F,Oksbjerg N
Journal of animal science
The objective of this study was to examine the intralitter variation in postnatal growth performance, meat quality, and muscle fiber characteristics when littermates were categorized by carcass weight. Thirty-nine litters were weaned at 4 wk of age and had free access to feed from 2 wk of age until slaughter. They were slaughtered by litter at an average BW of 104 +/- 14 kg, and six pigs per litter were selected for analysis: the heaviest- (HW), middle- (MW), and lightest-weight (LW) pig of each sex. Categorizing littermates in LW, MW, and HW pigs at the same age reflected the differences in postnatal growth rate within a litter; thus ADG, muscle mass, and muscle deposition rate differed across pig weight groups (P < 0.001). Also, the total DNA content was different among pig weight groups (P < 0.001) and reflected differences in muscle growth rate. The difference in muscle growth rate between LW and MW pigs could be explained by a larger (P < 0.05) mean fiber area (MFA) in MW pigs, whereas the number of muscle fibers was similar. Growth rate differences between MW and HW pigs could in part be explained by a higher number (P < 0.01) of equal-sized muscle fibers in HW pigs. The difference in MFA was due to a higher estimated DNA and RNA content per muscle fiber in MW and HW compared with LW pigs (P < 0.05). Pigment content was higher in MW and HW compared with LW pigs (P < 0.01), but no other measured meat quality traits were significantly different across pig weight groups. These results indicate that both the number and the growth rate of muscle fibers contribute to intralitter variation in postnatal growth performance.
10.2527/2004.822414x
Body composition, metabolic rate and utilization of milk nutrients in suckling piglets.
Noblet J,Etienne M
Reproduction, nutrition, developpement
The oxygen (O2) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) production, heat production (HP) and milk nutrient intake of 22 litters of suckling piglets were recorded every 4 days from the day after birth to weaning at 22 days of age. At weaning, 147 representative piglets of these litters were slaughtered to measure their chemical composition and to calculate the energy and nutrient balance of individual piglets and litters between birth and weaning. O2 consumption, CO2 production and HP were constant over the suckling period when expressed per kg of body weight0.68 (BW0.68); O2 consumption and HP averaged 34.4 liters and 168 kcal per kg of BW0.68 and per day, respectively. The respiratory quotient (RQ) (CO2/O2) was 0.84. Average daily gain between birth and weaning (ADG) ranged from 35 to 285 g (mean: 186 g). Dry matter, fat and energy contents of piglets at weaning were positively correlated with ADG while protein and ash contents were negatively correlated with ADG. The daily amounts of protein, fat, ash and energy deposited were linearly related to ADG, so that the chemical composition of additional gain was constant: 410, 141, 197 and 28 mg/g and 2,960 cal/g for dry matter, protein, fat, ash and energy, respectively. The deposition of 1 g of protein or fat was associated with 5.20 or 1.17 g of weight gain, respectively. Finally, 55% of the energy and 85% of the nitrogen supplied by milk were retained in piglet weight gain.
10.1051/rnd:19870609
Effect of feeding a milk replacer to early-weaned pigs on growth, body composition, and small intestinal morphology, compared with suckled littermates.
Zijlstra R T,Whang K Y,Easter R A,Odle J
Journal of animal science
Feeding of milk replacer to early-weaned pigs was evaluated in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 18 litters of pigs were either weaned conventionally (d 21), split-weaned and fed milk replacer plus starter diet (d 14 and 21), or weaned and fed milk replacer plus starter diet (d 21). Split weaning combined with feeding a milk replacer increased ADG 22% from d 14 and d 28 compared to conventional weaning (P < .05). Feeding a milk replacer plus starter diet after weaning increased ADG 30% between d 21 and 28 compared to conventional weaning (P < .01). In Experiment 2, four litters of 12 pigs each were divided at d 18 into six heavy and six light pigs and randomized across sow-suckled, milk replacer, or starter diet groups. After 1 wk, pigs fed milk replacer weighed 20% more (P < .001), contained 10% more protein (P < .01) and 17% more fat (P < .05), and had 74% longer villi in the proximal small intestine (P < .001) than suckled pigs. In contrast, pigs fed starter diet weighed 19% less (P < .001), contained 20% less protein and fat (P < .001), and had 28% shorter villi in the proximal small intestine (P < .05) than suckled pigs. Therefore, milk replacer feeding the 1st wk after weaning stimulates pig development, both locally in the small intestine and on a whole-body basis, most likely by an increased energy and nutrient intake. Suckling beyond 18 d postnatally inhibits pigs to reach maximal potential weight gain. In conclusion, milk replacer feeding might be beneficial to reach maximal pig weight gain at weaning.
10.2527/1996.74122948x
Effect of infant formuLas on blood and tissue cholesterol, bone calcium, and body composition in weanling pigs.
The Journal of nutrition
Weanling pigs were fed four commercial infant formulas to determine effects on blood and tissue cholesterol parameters and on body composition. Two milk protein (MP)-based formulas and two soy protein isolate (SPI)-based isocaloric formulas were fed in concentrated liquid form for 32 days. A commercial sow's milk replacer fed to a fifty group of pigs served as a control diet. Pigs fed SPI-based formula had significantly less cholesterol in the plasma than did pigs fed MP-based formula. Whole-body and adipose tissue cholesterol concentrations were greatest in pigs fed formulas containing a relatively high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Liver cholesterol concentration was inversely related to plasma cholesterol concentrations. Bone calcium, measured as percentage of dry, fat-free bone (femur), and whole-carcass ash were significantly less in pigs fed SPI-based formula than in pigs fed MP-based formula. Similar growth and development were observed in pigs fed SPI-based or MP-based formulas; however, pigs fed SPI-based formulas had significantly less bone calcium.
10.1093/jn/112.12.2240
Lipogenic enzyme activities in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from neonatal pigs consuming maternal or formula milk.
Gerfault V,Louveau I,Mourot J,Le Dividich J
Reproduction, nutrition, development
The influence of maternal and formula milk on lipid metabolism was studied in 7-day-old pigs. Lipid content, fatty acid composition, lipogenic enzyme activities and expression of GLUT4 mRNA were determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from pigs that were bottle-fed formula milk (F) or sow milk (SM), or were sow-reared (SR). Bottle-fed pigs were isoenergetically fed and achieved similar daily body weight gain. SR pigs have a higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain than bottle-fed pigs. Lipid content of adipose tissue was lower (P < 0.05) in F than in SM and SR pigs. In muscle, lipid content did not differ significantly between groups. In adipose tissue, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (CBX), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities and GLUT4 mRNA levels were higher (P < 0.05) in SR than in bottle-fed pigs. In muscle, ME and G6PDH activities and GLUT4 mRNA were higher (P < 0.05) in F than in SM and SR pigs; LPL was not detected. The present study indicates that lipogenic enzyme activities and GLUT4 mRNA expression are regulated differently in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in the neonatal pig.
10.1051/rnd:2000123
Bovine Milk-Derived Emulsifiers Increase Triglyceride Absorption in Newborn Formula-Fed Pigs.
Bach Korsholm Knudsen Kristine,Heerup Christine,Røngaard Stange Jensen Tine,Geng Xiaolu,Drachmann Nikolaj,Nordby Pernille,Bekker Jeppesen Palle,Ifaoui Inge,Müllertz Anette,Torp Sangild Per,Stampe Ostenfeld Marie,Thymann Thomas
Nutrients
Efficient lipid digestion in formula-fed infants is required to ensure the availability of fatty acids for normal organ development. Previous studies suggest that the efficiency of lipid digestion may depend on whether lipids are emulsified with soy lecithin or fractions derived from bovine milk. This study, therefore, aimed to determine whether emulsification with bovine milk-derived emulsifiers or soy lecithin (SL) influenced lipid digestion in vitro and in vivo. Lipid digestibility was determined in vitro in oil-in-water emulsions using four different milk-derived emulsifiers or SL, and the ultrastructural appearance of the emulsions was assessed using electron microscopy. Subsequently, selected emulsions were added to a base diet and fed to preterm neonatal piglets. Initially, preterm pigs equipped with an ileostomy were fed experimental formulas for seven days and stoma output was collected quantitatively. Next, lipid absorption kinetics was studied in preterm pigs given pure emulsions. Finally, complete formulas with different emulsions were fed for four days, and the post-bolus plasma triglyceride level was determined. Milk-derived emulsifiers (containing protein and phospholipids from milk fat globule membranes and extracellular vesicles) showed increased effects on fat digestion compared to SL in an in vitro digestion model. Further, milk-derived emulsifiers significantly increased the digestion of triglyceride in the preterm piglet model compared with SL. Ultra-structural images indicated a more regular and smooth surface of fat droplets emulsified with milk-derived emulsifiers relative to SL. We conclude that, relative to SL, milk-derived emulsifiers lead to a different surface ultrastructure on the lipid droplets, and increase lipid digestion.
10.3390/nu13020410