Sequential controlled-released dual-drug loaded scaffold for guided bone regeneration in a rat fenestration defect model.
Guo Zhenzhao,Bo Dongying,He Ping,Li Hong,Wu Gang,Li Zhizhong,Zhou Changren,Li Qiyan
Journal of materials chemistry. B
A microbially-induced inflammatory periodontal disease is the main initiator to disrupt the periodontium. It is desirable to develop a newly guided bone regeneration (GBR) scaffold to accomplish the periodontal tissue regeneration for the concurrent control of inflammation. A novel therapeutic solution for GBR based on 3D multifunctional scaffolds, which combines the merits of osseous regeneration and local anti-inflammatory drug delivery, has been developed. The 3D dual-drug delivery scaffold (DDDS) loaded with parthenolide and naringin was successfully developed by thermally-induced phase separation techniques. The DDDS was hierarchically interconnected to the porous PLLA scaffold loaded with the hydrophobic parthenolide. In addition, the hydrophilic naringin loaded in chitosan microspheres was embedded in the scaffold. In vitro drug release profile results revealed that the DDDS showed an efficient sequential controlled release pattern with parthenolide delivered rapidly, followed by naringin delivered in a more sustained manner. Cell viability of MC3T3-E1 showed a combined effect of dual-drug delivery. Hemolysis of the DDDS was 1.84 ± 0.44%, which is less than that of the pure PLLA scaffold. To further evaluate the in vivo guided bone regeneration effect of the DDDS, a rat fenestration defect model was generated. The defects were harvested after 4 and 8 weeks for micro-CT and histological observation. The results suggested that the DDDS group had significantly increased the regenerated bone volume fraction compared to both the control and PLLA groups at 8 weeks, which was in parallel with the reduced expression of IL-6. This DDDS, as a GBR scaffold, might be utilized as a novel adjunctive treatment in periodontitis.
10.1039/c7tb00909g
Enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration by locally controlled delivery of insulin-like growth factor-I from dextran-co-gelatin microspheres.
Chen Fa-ming,Zhao Yi-min,Wu Hong,Deng Zhi-hong,Wang Qin-tao,Zhou Wei,Liu Qing,Dong Guang-ying,Li Kun,Wu Zhi-fen,Jin Yan
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society
The present work focused on the design of novel hydrogel microspheres based on both dextran- and gelatin-derived biomaterials, and discussed whether locally controlled delivery of IGF-I from dextran-co-gelatin hydrogel microspheres (DG-MP) was useful for periodontal regeneration enhancement. Microspheres were synthesized when gelatin was cooperating with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) derivatized dextrans (Dex-GMA) and the resultant DG-MP with a hydrogel character of which the cross-linking density could be controlled by the degree of substitution (DS, the number of methacrylates per 100 glucopyranose residues) of Dex-GMA. In this study, three types of DG-MP (DG-MP4.7, DG-MP6.3 and DG-MP7.8) obtained from gelatin and Dex-GMA (differing in DS: 4.7, 6.3 and 7.8 respectively) were prepared and characterized by swelling and degradation properties, drug release kinetics and biological capability in promoting tissue regeneration. By swelling in aqueous positively charged IGF-I solutions, the protein could be encapsulated in DG-MP by polyionic complexation with negatively charged acidic gelatin. No obvious influence of Dex-GMA's DS on DG-MP's configuration and size was observed, and the release and degraded properties showed no significant difference between three types of DG-MP in PBS buffer either. However, high DS of Dex-GMA could lower microsphere's swelling, prolong its degraded time and minimize IGF-I burst release markedly in dextranase-containing PBS, where IGF-I release from a slow release type of microspheres (DG-MP7.8) could be maintained more than 28 days, and an effective protein release kinetics without a significant burst but a relevantly constant release after the initial burst was achieved. IGF-I in DG-MP resulted in more new bone formation in the periodontal defects within 4 or 8 weeks than IGF-I in blood clot directly did (P < 0.01). The observed newly formation of periodontal tissues including the height and percentage of new bone and new cementum on the denuded root surfaces of the furcation area in DG-MP7.8 group were more than that in other groups (P < 0.05). The adequate width of regenerative periodontal ligament (PDL), regular Sharpey's fibers and alveolar bone reconstruction could be observed only in DG-MP7.8 group. These combined results demonstrate that effective release kinetics can be realized by adjusting the DS of Dex-GMA and followed cross-linking density of DG-MP, and that locally controlled delivery of IGF-I from slow release type of DG-MP may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for periodontal tissue regeneration.
10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.05.014
Cementum-periodontal ligament complex regeneration using the cell sheet technique.
Flores M Gomez,Hasegawa M,Yamato M,Takagi R,Okano T,Ishikawa I
Journal of periodontal research
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:In the present study we evaluated if a multilayered human periodontal ligament cell sheet could reconstruct the physiological architecture of a periodontal ligament-cementum complex. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Human periodontal ligament cells were isolated and then cultured in dishes coated with a temperature-responsive polymer to allow cell detachment as a cell sheet. In the control group, human periodontal ligament cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics. In the experimental group, human periodontal ligament cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium and osteodifferentiation medium containing dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate. After 3 wk, scanning electron microscopy was carried out, in addition to staining for alkaline phosphatase activity and for calcium (using the Von Kossa stain). Then human periodontal ligament cell sheets were multilayered and placed onto dentin blocks. The constructs were transplanted subcutaneously into the back of immunodeficient rats. At 1 and 6 wk after transplantation, the animals were killed. Demineralized tissue sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin, and Azan, and then analyzed. RESULTS:After 3 wk of culture in osteodifferentiation medium, human periodontal ligament cells produced mineral-like nodules and also showed positive staining for alkaline phosphatase, calcium (Von Kossa) and mRNA expression of type I collagen. By contrast, in the control group only weak alkaline phosphatase staining was observed, the Von Kossa stain was negative and there was no mRNA expression of type I collagen. Six weeks after transplantation with human periodontal ligament cells cultured in osteodifferentiation medium, most of the dentin surfaces showed a newly immature cementum-like tissue formation and periodontal ligament with perpendicular orientation inserted into the newly deposited cementum-like tissue. CONCLUSION:This study suggests that the multilayered temperature-responsive culture system can be used as a novel strategy for periodontal regeneration. The human periodontal ligament cell sheet technique may be applicable for regeneration of the clinical periodontal ligament-cementum complex.
10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01046.x
Cementum and periodontal ligament-like tissue formation induced using bioengineered dentin.
Li Yucheng,Jin Fang,Du Yan,Ma Zhiwei,Li Fang,Wu Gang,Shi Junnan,Zhu Xiaoru,Yu Jinhua,Jin Yan
Tissue engineering. Part A
Stem cell-mediated root regeneration offers opportunities to regenerate a bio-root and its associated periodontal tissues to restore tooth loss. Periodontal ligament (PDL) and cementum complex and dentin pulp complex have been tissue engineered using human dental pulp stem cells and PDL stem cells, respectively. The aim of this study was to explore whether dentin formation could be induced using an inductive substrate and whether bioengineered dentin could induce cementum and PDL formation. First, dentin was bioengineered from tooth papillae of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with an inductive substrate, and its phenotype was characterized; then primarily cultured human PDL cells were seeded on the surface of dentin and transplanted under the skin of immunocompromised mice. Histological, immunohistochemical, and scanning electronic microscopy examinations results showed that bioengineered dentin could induce cementogenesis and PDL formation, and condense PDL arranged perpendicularly on the dentin surface via a layer of cementum-like tissue. The results indicated that tissue-engineered dentin could be induced using an inductive substrate and could be used as a further substrate for cementum and PDL tissue engineering.
10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0268
Periodontal ligament cell sheet promotes periodontal regeneration in athymic rats.
Flores Mara Gomez,Yashiro Reiko,Washio Kaoru,Yamato Masayuki,Okano Teruo,Ishikawa Isao
Journal of clinical periodontology
AIM:The primary goal of periodontal treatment is regeneration of the periodontium. Current theories suggest that the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells have the capacity to participate in restoring connective and mineralized tissues, when appropriately triggered. We evaluated whether human PDL cell sheets could reconstruct periodontal tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS:To obtain the cell sheet, human PDL cells were cultured on temperature-responsive culture dishes with or without osteogenic differentiation medium. The cell sheets were transplanted on periodontal fenestration defects of immunodeficient rats. Forty rats were divided in two groups: in one group, cell sheets cultured with control medium were transplanted and in the other, cell sheets cultured with osteogenic differentiation medium were transplanted. The defects were analysed histologically and histomorphologically after healing. RESULTS:Most of the experimental group exhibited a new cementum-like layer and new attachment of collagen fibres to the layer. Histomorphological analyses indicated significant periodontal regeneration. The control group revealed dense extracellular matrix and fibre formation, but an obvious cementum layer was not observed. CONCLUSIONS:Transplanted PDL cell sheets cultured with osteogenic differentiation medium induced periodontal regeneration containing an obvious cementum layer and Sharpey's fibres. Thus, the method could be feasible as a new therapeutic approach for periodontal regeneration.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01326.x
Periodontal regeneration with multi-layered periodontal ligament-derived cell sheets in a canine model.
Iwata Takanori,Yamato Masayuki,Tsuchioka Hiroaki,Takagi Ryo,Mukobata Shigeki,Washio Kaoru,Okano Teruo,Ishikawa Isao
Biomaterials
Periodontal regeneration has been challenged with chemical reagents and/or biological approaches, however, there is still no sufficient technique that can regenerate complete periodontium, including alveolar bone, cementum, and well-oriented collagen fibers. The purpose of this study was to examine multi-layered sheets of periodontal ligament (PDL)-derived cells for periodontal regeneration. Canine PDL cells were isolated enzymatically and expanded in vitro. The cell population contained cells capable of making single cell-derived colonies at an approximately 20% frequency. Expression of mRNA of periodontal marker genes, S100 calcium binding protein A4 and periostin, was observed. Alkaline phosphatase activity and gene expression of both osteoblastic/cementoblastic and periodontal markers were upregulated by osteoinductive medium. Then, three-layered PDL cell sheets supported with woven polyglycolic acid were transplanted to dental root surfaces having three-wall periodontal defects in an autologous manner, and bone defects were filled with porous beta-tricalcium phosphate. Cell sheet transplantation regenerated both new bone and cementum connecting with well-oriented collagen fibers, while only limited bone regeneration was observed in control group where cell sheet transplantation was eliminated. These results suggest that PDL cells have multiple differentiation properties to regenerate periodontal tissues comprising hard and soft tissues. PDL cell sheet transplantation should prove useful for periodontal regeneration in clinical settings.
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.032
Evaluation of an injectable rhGDF-5/PLGA construct for minimally invasive periodontal regenerative procedures: a histological study in the dog.
Kwon David H,Bennett William,Herberg Samuel,Bastone Patrizia,Pippig Susanne,Rodriguez Nancy A,Susin Cristiano,Wikesjö Ulf M E
Journal of clinical periodontology
AIM:To evaluate the injectability, biocompatibility, safety, and periodontal wound healing/regeneration following application of a novel bioresorbable recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) construct. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Periodontal pockets (3 x 6 mm, width x depth) were surgically created over the buccal roots of the second and fourth mandibular pre-molars in eight adult Hound Labrador mongrel dogs. Surgeries including injection of the rhGDF-5/PLGA construct into the pockets were sequenced that four animals provided 2-/4-week and four animals 6-/8-week observations of sites receiving rhGDF-5/PLGA or serving as sham-surgery control. RESULTS:The rhGDF-5/PLGA construct was easy to prepare and apply. Approximately 0.2 ml (93 microg rhGDF-5)/tooth was used. Clinical and radiographic healing was exemplary without adverse events. Healing was characterized by a non-specific connective tissue attachment, acellular/cellular cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), bone regeneration, and a junctional epithelium. PLGA fragments were observed in 4/7, 2/8, and 1/8 sites at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively. Associated inflammatory reactions exhibited no limiting effect on periodontal wound healing/regeneration. Root resorption/ankylosis was not observed. Bone formation showed apparent increased maturity (lamellar bone) at 6 weeks in sites receiving rhGDF-5/PLGA compared with the control. Both protocols exhibited significant increases in PDL, cementum, and bone regeneration over time, without significant differences between treatments. In time, PDL and cementum regeneration was twofold greater for the control at 4 weeks (p=0.04) while increased bone formation was observed at sites receiving rhGDF-5/PLGA (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:In conclusion, the rhGDF-5/PLGA construct appears to be a safe technology for injectable, ease-of-use application of rhGDF-5-stimulated periodontal wound healing/regeneration. Additional work to optimize the polymer carrier and rhGDF-5 release kinetics/dose might be required before evaluating the efficacy of this technology in clinical settings using minimally invasive approaches.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01546.x
A novel possible strategy based on self-assembly approach to achieve complete periodontal regeneration.
Yang Zhen-Hua,Jin Fang,Zhang Xiao-Jun,Liu Xin,Zhang Yun-Fei,Liu Jia-Qiang,Duan Yin-Zhong,Jin Yan
Artificial organs
Limitations of current regeneration modalities underscore the importance of restoring the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment of periodontal development, which is able to elicit the intrinsic capacity of mesenchymal stem cells to proceed to engage in a redevelopment-like program. With increased attention for the potential therapeutic applications of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in periodontal regeneration, it has been proposed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are very likely another cell source of physiological repair of periodontal tissues. With this in mind, enlightened from the research targeting the fabrication of laminar structures such as liver and kidney with heterotypic stratification of cell sheets, we proposed a novel possible strategy based on self-assembly approach, which is akin to the physiological phenomenon that occurs during organogenesis, to enhance complete reconstruction of functional complex periodontium-organ systems. We assumed that in this strategy, using the intrinsic capacity of monodispersed cells to self-assemble into a microtissue such as a 3D spheroid, bilayered cell pellet constructs comprising calcified bone-forming cell pellets (i.e., BMMSCs) and cementum/PDL-forming cell pellets (i.e., PDLSCs) would be fabricated in vitro in a tissue-mimicking way and then implanted into periodontal defects. We hypothesize that this novel strategy might open new options to reconstruct extended periodontal defects and then achieve the ultimate goal of predictable and complete regeneration of the periodontium.
10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00991.x
Biomimetic hybrid scaffolds for engineering human tooth-ligament interfaces.
Park Chan Ho,Rios Hector F,Jin Qiming,Bland Megan E,Flanagan Colleen L,Hollister Scott J,Giannobile William V
Biomaterials
A major clinical challenge in the reconstruction of large oral and craniofacial defects is the neogenesis of osseous and ligamentous interfacial structures. Currently, oral regenerative medicine strategies are unpredictable for repair of tooth-supporting tissues destroyed as a consequence of trauma, chronic infection or surgical resection. Here, we demonstrate multi-scale computational design and fabrication of composite hybrid polymeric scaffolds for targeted cell transplantation of genetically modified human cells for the formation of human tooth dentin-ligament-bone complexes in vivo. The newly-formed tissues demonstrate the interfacial generation of parallel- and obliquely-oriented fibers that grow and traverse within the polycaprolactone (PCL)-poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) designed constructs forming tooth cementum-like tissue, ligament, and bone structures. This approach offers potential for the clinical implementation of customized periodontal scaffolds that may enable regeneration of multi-tissue interfaces required for oral, dental and craniofacial engineering applications.
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.027
Periodontal regeneration using a bilayered PLGA/calcium phosphate construct.
Carlo Reis Emily C,Borges Andréa P B,Araújo Michel V F,Mendes Vanessa C,Guan Limin,Davies John E
Biomaterials
The regeneration of tissues affected by periodontal disease is a complex process; it encompasses the formation of bone, cementum and periodontal ligament. We developed a semi-rigid PLGA (polylactide-co-glycolide acid)/CaP (calcium phosphate) bilayered biomaterial construct to promote periodontal regeneration, which has a continuous outer barrier membrane and an inner topographically complex component. Our experimental model compared periodontal prophylaxis alone with prophylaxis and biomaterial implantation in the treatment of class II furcation defects in dogs. Clinical evaluation, micro-computed tomography, histology and backscattered electron imaging were used for data analysis. Healing occurred uneventfully and bone volumetric values, trabecular number and trabecular thickness were all significantly greater in the treated group; while trabecular separation was significantly greater in the control group. New cementum, bone, and periodontal ligament with Sharpey fibre insertions were only seen in the treated group. Although periodontal regeneration has been reported elsewhere, the advantages of employing our bilayered PLGA + CaP construct are twofold: 1)it did not collapse into the defect; and, 2) its inner side was able to retain the blood clot throughout the buccal defect. The result was greater periodontal regeneration than has previously been reported with traditional flexible membranes.
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.040
Periodontal regeneration following implantation of cementum and periodontal ligament-derived cells.
Nuñez J,Sanz-Blasco S,Vignoletti F,Muñoz F,Arzate H,Villalobos C,Nuñez L,Caffesse R G,Sanz M
Journal of periodontal research
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:The periodontal regeneration of bone defects is often unsatisfactory and could be largely improved by cell therapy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of implanting canine cementum-derived cells (CDCs) and canine periodontal ligament-derived cells (PDLDCs) in experimentally created periodontal intrabony defects in beagle dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Cells were obtained from premolars extracted from four beagle dogs. Three-wall intrabony periodontal defects, 3 mm wide and 4 mm deep, were surgically created in their second and fourth premolars and plaque was allowed to accumulate. Once the defects were surgically debrided, periodontal regeneration was attempted by random implantation of collagen sponges embedded with 750,000 CDCs, 750,000 PDLDCs or culture medium. After 3 mo of healing, specimens were obtained and periodontal regenerative outcomes were assessed histologically and histometrically. RESULTS:The histological analysis showed that a minimal amount of new cementum was formed in the control group (1.56 ± 0.39 mm), whereas in both test groups, significantly higher amounts of new cementum were formed (3.98 ± 0.59 mm in the CDC group and 4.07 ± 0.97 mm in the PDLDC group). The test groups also demonstrated a larger dimension of new connective tissue, resulting in a significantly more coronal level of histological attachment. CONCLUSION:This proof-of-principle study suggests that cellular therapy, in combination with a collagen sponge, promoted periodontal regeneration in experimental intrabony periodontal defects.
10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01402.x
A novel mixed-type stem cell pellet for cementum/periodontal ligament-like complex.
Xie Han,Liu Hongwei
Journal of periodontology
BACKGROUND:Functional tissue regeneration underscores the construction of favorable extracellular matrix environment and neovascularization. In this study, we propose a mixed-type stem cell-pellet cultivation system for human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) to recreate a favorable regeneration microenvironment. METHODS:The hPDLSCs were cocultured with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) and mixed by osteoinduced ceramic bovine bone (CBB) powder as a mixed-type stem cell sheet. The influence of osteoinduced CBB on hPDLSCs was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteogenic differentiation assays. The effects of hBMMSCs on hPDLSCs were estimated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen, ALP, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assays. The mixed-cell sheet was the preliminary observations in vitro that laid the foundation for additional implantation. After the cells were detached, the mixed-type sheet spontaneously contracted to produce a mixed-type stem cell pellet, which was transplanted into immunocompromised mice. RESULTS:In vitro, the results showed that osteoinduced CBB could upregulate ALP activity and accelerate mineralization of hPDLSCs. When the hPDLSCs were cocultured with hBMMSCs, the ALP activity and proliferation kinetics were upregulated and also indicated in the expression of collagen I, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor. It was found that, in vivo, the mixed-type hPDLSC pellets support cementum/periodontal ligament (PDL)-like tissue regeneration with neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that the mixed-type hPDLSC pellet could mimic the microenvironment of PDL and enhance the reconstruction of physiologic architecture of a dental cementum/PDL-like complex. This tissue mimicking may also be a promising alternative to promote periodontal defect repair for additional clinical applications.
10.1902/jop.2011.110267
A biphasic scaffold design combined with cell sheet technology for simultaneous regeneration of alveolar bone/periodontal ligament complex.
Vaquette Cédryck,Fan Wei,Xiao Yin,Hamlet Stephen,Hutmacher Dietmar W,Ivanovski Saso
Biomaterials
This study describes the design of a biphasic scaffold composed of a Fused Deposition Modeling scaffold (bone compartment) and an electrospun membrane (periodontal compartment) for periodontal regeneration. In order to achieve simultaneous alveolar bone and periodontal ligament regeneration a cell-based strategy was carried out by combining osteoblast culture in the bone compartment and placement of multiple periodontal ligament (PDL) cell sheets on the electrospun membrane. In vitro data showed that the osteoblasts formed mineralized matrix in the bone compartment after 21 days in culture and that the PDL cell sheet harvesting did not induce significant cell death. The cell-seeded biphasic scaffolds were placed onto a dentin block and implanted for 8 weeks in an athymic rat subcutaneous model. The scaffolds were analyzed by μCT, immunohistochemistry and histology. In the bone compartment, a more intense ALP staining was obtained following seeding with osteoblasts, confirming the μCT results which showed higher mineralization density for these scaffolds. A thin mineralized cementum-like tissue was deposited on the dentin surface for the scaffolds incorporating the multiple PDL cell sheets, as observed by H&E and Azan staining. These scaffolds also demonstrated better attachment onto the dentin surface compared to no attachment when no cell sheets were used. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of CEMP1 protein at the interface with the dentine. These results demonstrated that the combination of multiple PDL cell sheets and a biphasic scaffold allows the simultaneous delivery of the cells necessary for in vivo regeneration of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum.
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.038
Periodontal tissue regeneration by transplantation of rat adipose-derived stromal cells in combination with PLGA-based solid scaffolds.
Akita Daisuke,Morokuma Masakazu,Saito Yoko,Yamanaka Katsuyuki,Akiyama Yuko,Sato Momoko,Mashimo Takayuki,Toriumi Taku,Arai Yoshinori,Kaneko Tadashi,Tsukimura Naoki,Isokawa Keitaro,Ishigami Tomohiko,Honda Masaki J
Biomedical research (Tokyo, Japan)
Regeneration of damaged periodontium is challenging due to its multi-tissue composition. Mesenchymalstem cell-based approaches using adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) may contribute to periodontal reconstruction, particularly when combined with the use of scaffolds to maintain a space for new tissue growth. The aim of this study was to assess the regenerative potential of ASCs derived from inbred or outbred rats in combination with novel solid scaffolds composed of PLGA (Poly D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-scaffolds). Cultured ASCs seeded onto PLGA scaffolds (ASCs/PLGA) or PLGA-scaffolds (PLGA) alone were transplanted into periodontal fenestration defects created in F344 or Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Micro-CT analysis showed a significantly higher percentage of bone growth in the ASCs/PLGA groups compared with the PLGA-alone groups at five weeks after surgery. Similarly, histomorphometric analysis demonstrated thicker growth of periodontal ligament and cementum layers in the ASCs/PLGA-groups compared with the PLGA-alone groups. In addition, transplanted DiI-labeled ASCs were observed in the periodontal regenerative sites. The present investigation demonstrated the marked ability of ASCs in combination with PLGA scaffolds to repair periodontal defects.
10.2220/biomedres.35.91
Periodontal tissue regeneration by combined implantation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells and platelet-rich plasma in a canine model.
Tobita Morikuni,Uysal Cagri A,Guo Xin,Hyakusoku Hiko,Mizuno Hiroshi
Cytotherapy
BACKGROUND AIMS:One goal of periodontal therapy is to regenerate periodontal tissues. Stem cells, growth factors and scaffolds and biomaterials are vital for the restoration of the architecture and function of complex tissues. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are an ideal population of stem cells for practical regenerative medicine. In addition, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can be useful for its ability to stimulate tissue regeneration. PRP contains various growth factors and may be useful as a cell carrier in stem cell therapies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a mixture of ASCs and PRP promoted periodontal tissue regeneration in a canine model. METHODS:Autologous ASCs and PRP were implanted into areas with periodontal tissue defects. Periodontal tissue defects that received PRP alone or non-implantation were also examined. Histologic, immunohistologic and x-ray studies were performed 1 or 2 months after implantation. The amount of newly formed bone and the scale of newly formed cementum in the region of the periodontal tissue defect were analyzed on tissue sections. RESULTS:The areas of newly formed bone and cementum were greater 2 months after implantation of ASCs and PRP than at 1 month after implantation, and the radiopacity in the region of the periodontal tissue defect increased markedly by 2 months after implantation. The ASCs and PRP group exhibited periodontal tissue with the correct architecture, including alveolar bone, cementum-like structures and periodontal ligament-like structures, by 2 months after implantation. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that a combination of autologous ASCs and PRP promotes periodontal tissue regeneration that develops the appropriate architecture for this complex tissue.
10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.05.007
Scaffold-free cell pellet transplantations can be applied to periodontal regeneration.
Guo Weihua,He Yong,Tang Xuepeng,Chen Gang,Shi Haigang,Gong Kun,Zhou Jing,Wen Lingying,Jin Yan
Cell transplantation
Cell transplantation has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for periodontitis, and the adoption of cell pellet offers advantages by secreting abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) and eliminating the adverse effect of cell carriers. This study aimed to fabricate scaffold-free periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) pellets (MUCPs) and to evaluate their regeneration potential. We constructed monolayer cell pellets (MCPs) by fabricating and culturing multilayered cell sheets (MUCS) and constructed MUCPs from the MUCS. Immunochemistry, scanning electron microscope, real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis showed higher levels of COL-I, COL-III, fibronectin, and laminin in the MUCPs. Furthermore, the massive increase in ECM secretion improved cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Finally, upon transplantation into the omentum sac and periodontal defects, all the transplants formed regular aligned cementum/PDL-like complex, but the mineral deposit and fiber alignment were more obvious in the MUCPs than in the MCPs. Altogether, our results suggest that MUCPs may be a promising alternative to periodontal repair for future clinical application.
10.3727/096368912X662426
Advanced tissue engineering scaffold design for regeneration of the complex hierarchical periodontal structure.
Costa Pedro F,Vaquette Cédryck,Zhang Qiyi,Reis Rui L,Ivanovski Saso,Hutmacher Dietmar W
Journal of clinical periodontology
AIM:This study investigated the ability of an osteoconductive biphasic scaffold to simultaneously regenerate alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A biphasic scaffold was built by attaching a fused deposition modelled bone compartment to a melt electrospun periodontal compartment. The bone compartment was coated with a calcium phosphate (CaP) layer for increasing osteoconductivity, seeded with osteoblasts and cultured in vitro for 6 weeks. The resulting constructs were then complemented with the placement of PDL cell sheets on the periodontal compartment, attached to a dentin block and subcutaneously implanted into athymic rats for 8 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, alkaline phosphatase and DNA content quantification, confocal laser microscopy, micro computerized tomography and histological analysis were employed to evaluate the scaffold's performance. RESULTS:The in vitro study showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased in the CaP-coated samples and they also displayed enhanced mineralization. In the in vivo study, significantly more bone formation was observed in the coated scaffolds. Histological analysis revealed that the large pore size of the periodontal compartment permitted vascularization of the cell sheets, and periodontal attachment was achieved at the dentin interface. CONCLUSIONS:This work demonstrates that the combination of cell sheet technology together with an osteoconductive biphasic scaffold could be utilized to address the limitations of current periodontal regeneration techniques.
10.1111/jcpe.12214
Three-dimensional printed multiphase scaffolds for regeneration of periodontium complex.
Lee Chang H,Hajibandeh Jeffrey,Suzuki Takahiro,Fan Andrew,Shang Peng,Mao Jeremy J
Tissue engineering. Part A
Tooth-supporting periodontium forms a complex with multiple tissues, including cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone. In this study, we developed multiphase region-specific microscaffolds with spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues for integrated periodontium regeneration. Polycarprolactione-hydroxylapatite (90:10 wt%) scaffolds were fabricated using three-dimensional printing seamlessly in three phases: 100-μm microchannels in Phase A designed for cementum/dentin interface, 600-μm microchannels in Phase B designed for the PDL, and 300-μm microchannels in Phase C designed for alveolar bone. Recombinant human amelogenin, connective tissue growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 were spatially delivered and time-released in Phases A, B, and C, respectively. Upon 4-week in vitro incubation separately with dental pulp stem/progenitor cells (DPSCs), PDL stem/progenitor cells (PDLSCs), or alveolar bone stem/progenitor cells (ABSCs), distinctive tissue phenotypes were formed with collagen I-rich fibers especially by PDLSCs and mineralized tissues by DPSCs, PDLSCs, and ABSCs. DPSC-seeded multiphase scaffolds upon in vivo implantation yielded aligned PDL-like collagen fibers that inserted into bone sialoprotein-positive bone-like tissue and putative cementum matrix protein 1-positive/dentin sialophosphoprotein-positive dentin/cementum tissues. These findings illustrate a strategy for the regeneration of multiphase periodontal tissues by spatiotemporal delivery of multiple proteins. A single stem/progenitor cell population appears to differentiate into putative dentin/cementum, PDL, and alveolar bone complex by scaffold's biophysical properties and spatially released bioactive cues.
10.1089/ten.TEA.2013.0386
Platelet-rich plasma, low-level laser therapy, or their combination promotes periodontal regeneration in fenestration defects: a preliminary in vivo study.
Nagata Maria J H,de Campos Natália,Messora Michel R,Pola Natália M,Santinoni Carolina S,Bomfim Suely R M,Fucini Stephen E,Ervolino Edilson,de Almeida Juliano M,Theodoro Letícia H,Garcia Valdir G
Journal of periodontology
BACKGROUND:This study histomorphometrically analyzes the influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), or their combination on the healing of periodontal fenestration defects (PFDs) in rats. METHODS:PFDs were surgically created in the mandibles of 80 rats. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: 1) C (control) and 2) PRP, defects were filled with blood clot or PRP, respectively; 3) LLLT and 4) PRP/LLLT, defects received laser irradiation, were filled with blood clot or PRP, respectively, and then irradiated again. Animals were euthanized at either 10 or 30 days post-surgery. Percentage of new bone (NB), density of newly formed bone (DNB), new cementum (NC), and extension of remaining defect (ERD) were histomorphometrically evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed (analysis of variance; Tukey test, P <0.05). RESULTS:At 10 days, group PRP presented ERD significantly lower than group C. At 30 days, group PRP presented NB and DNB significantly greater than group C. Groups LLLT, PRP, and PRP/LLLT showed significant NC formation at 30 days, with collagen fibers inserted obliquely or perpendicularly to the root surface. NC formation was not observed in any group C specimen. CONCLUSIONS:LLLT, PRP, or their combination all promoted NC formation with a functional periodontal ligament. The combination PRP/LLLT did not show additional positive effects compared to the use of either therapy alone.
10.1902/jop.2013.130318
Image-based, fiber guiding scaffolds: a platform for regenerating tissue interfaces.
Park Chan Ho,Rios Hector F,Taut Andrei D,Padial-Molina Miguel,Flanagan Colleen L,Pilipchuk Sophia P,Hollister Scott J,Giannobile William V
Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods
In the oral and craniofacial complex, tooth loss is the most commonly acquired disfiguring injury. Among the most formidable challenges of reconstructing tooth-supporting osseous defects in the oral cavity is the regeneration of functional multi-tissue complexes involving bone, ligament, and tooth cementum. Furthermore, periodontal multi-tissue engineering with spatiotemporal orientation of the periodontal ligament (PDL) remains the most challenging obstacle for restoration of physiological loading and homeostasis. We report on the ability of a hybrid computer-designed scaffold--developed utilizing computed tomography--to predictably facilitate the regeneration and integration of dental supporting tissues. Here, we provide the protocol for rapid prototyping, manufacture, surgical implantation, and evaluation of dual-architecture scaffolds for controlling fiber orientation and facilitating morphogenesis of bone-ligament complexes. In contrast to conventional single-system methods of fibrous tissue formation, our protocol supports rigorous control of multi-compartmental scaffold architecture using computational scaffold design and manufacturing by 3D printing, as well as the evaluation of newly regenerated tissue physiology for clinical implementation.
10.1089/ten.TEC.2013.0619
Novel MesoPorous BioGlass/silk scaffold containing adPDGF-B and adBMP7 for the repair of periodontal defects in beagle dogs.
Zhang Yufeng,Miron Richard J,Li Sue,Shi Bin,Sculean Anton,Cheng Xiangrong
Journal of clinical periodontology
AIM:The local delivery of growth factors via gene therapy has gained tremendous awareness in recent years due to their sustained growth factor delivery to target tissues. The aim of this study was to fabricate and investigate a scaffold able to release growth factors via gene therapy for the repair of periodontal tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Novel mesoporous bioglass (MBG)/silk fibrin scaffold combined with BMP7 and/or PDGF-B adenovirus was fabricated and tested in vitro for cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, acute-type buccal dehiscence periodontal defects (mesiodistal width × depth: 5 × 5 mm) were created on the buccal portion of the maxillary premolars in five normal male beagle dogs (12 months old, 15.0 ± 2.0 kg) and histologically examined for periodontal regeneration following implantation of the following five groups: (1) no scaffold, (2) MBG/silk scaffold alone, (3) scaffold + adPDGF-B, (4) scaffold + adBMP7, (5) scaffold + adPDGF-b + adBMP7. RESULTS:In vitro findings demonstrated that adPDGF-B was able to rapidly recruit periodontal ligament (PDL) cells over sixfold more effectively than adBMP7, whereas adBMP7 was more able to induce osteoblast differentiation of PDL cells. In vivo findings demonstrate that scaffolds loaded with adPDGF-B were able to partially regenerate the periodontal ligament while adBMP7 scaffolds primarily improved new bone formation. The combination of both adPDGF-B and adBMP7 synergistically promoted periodontal regeneration by allowing up to two times greater regeneration of the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and cementum when compared to each adenovirus used alone. CONCLUSIONS:Although both PDGF-B and BMP7 are individually capable of promoting periodontal regeneration to some degree, their combination synergistically promotes wound healing in acute-type buccal dehiscence periodontal defects when delivered simultaneously. This study demonstrates the promise for successful delivery of low-cost, effective growth factor delivery via gene therapy for the treatment of periodontal defects.
10.1111/jcpe.12364
Combination of aligned PLGA/Gelatin electrospun sheets, native dental pulp extracellular matrix and treated dentin matrix as substrates for tooth root regeneration.
Chen Gang,Chen Jinlong,Yang Bo,Li Lei,Luo Xiangyou,Zhang Xuexin,Feng Lian,Jiang Zongting,Yu Mei,Guo Weihua,Tian Weidong
Biomaterials
In tissue engineering, scaffold materials provide effective structural support to promote the repair of damaged tissues or organs through simulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironments for stem cells. This study hypothesized that simulating the ECM microenvironments of periodontium and dental pulp/dentin complexes would contribute to the regeneration of tooth root. Here, aligned PLGA/Gelatin electrospun sheet (APES), treated dentin matrix (TDM) and native dental pulp extracellular matrix (DPEM) were fabricated and combined into APES/TDM and DPEM/TDM for periodontium and dental pulp regeneration, respectively. This study firstly examined the physicochemical properties and biocompatibilities of both APES and DPEM in vitro, and further investigated the degradation of APES and revascularization of DPEM in vivo. Then, the potency of APES/TDM and DPEM/TDM in odontogenic induction was evaluated via co-culture with dental stem cells. Finally, we verified the periodontium and dental pulp/dentin complex regeneration in the jaw of miniature swine. Results showed that APES possessed aligned fiber orientation which guided cell proliferation while DPEM preserved the intrinsic fiber structure and ECM proteins. Importantly, both APES/TDM and DPEM/TDM facilitated the odontogenic differentiation of dental stem cells in vitro. Seeded with stem cells, the sandwich composites (APES/TDM/DPEM) generated tooth root-like tissues after being transplanted in porcine jaws for 12 w. In dental pulp/dentin complex-like tissues, columnar odontoblasts-like layer arranged along the interface between newly-formed predentin matrix and dental pulp-like tissues in which blood vessels could be found; in periodontium complex-like tissues, cellular cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL)-like tissues were generated on the TDM surface. Thus, above results suggest that APES and DPEM exhibiting appropriate physicochemical properties and well biocompatibilities, in accompany with TDM, could make up an ECM microenvironment for tooth root regeneration, which also offers a strategy for complex tissue or organ regeneration.
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.011
Influence of nanotopography on periodontal ligament stem cell functions and cell sheet based periodontal regeneration.
Gao Hui,Li Bei,Zhao Lingzhou,Jin Yan
International journal of nanomedicine
Periodontal regeneration is an important part of regenerative medicine, with great clinical significance; however, the effects of nanotopography on the functions of periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells (PDLSCs) and on PDLSC sheet based periodontal regeneration have never been explored. Titania nanotubes (NTs) layered on titanium (Ti) provide a good platform to study this. In the current study, the influence of NTs of different tube size on the functions of PDLSCs was observed. Afterward, an ectopic implantation model using a Ti/cell sheets/hydroxyapatite (HA) complex was applied to study the effect of the NTs on cell sheet based periodontal regeneration. The NTs were able to enhance the initial PDLSC adhesion and spread, as well as collagen secretion. With the Ti/cell sheets/HA complex model, it was demonstrated that the PDLSC sheets were capable of regenerating the PDL tissue, when combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) sheets and HA, without the need for extra soluble chemical cues. Simultaneously, the NTs improved the periodontal regeneration result of the ectopically implanted Ti/cell sheets/HA complex, giving rise to functionally aligned collagen fiber bundles. Specifically, much denser collagen fibers, with abundant blood vessels as well as cementum-like tissue on the Ti surface, which well-resembled the structure of natural PDL, were observed in the NT5 and NT10 sample groups. Our study provides the first evidence that the nanotopographical cues obviously influence the functions of PDLSCs and improve the PDLSC sheet based periodontal regeneration size dependently, which provides new insight to the periodontal regeneration. The Ti/cell sheets/HA complex may constitute a good model to predict the effect of biomaterials on periodontal regeneration.
10.2147/IJN.S83357
Recombinant Human Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Promotes Cementogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells.
Jin Hexiu,Choung Han-Wool,Lim Ki-Taek,Jin Bin,Jin Chengbiao,Chung Jong-Hoon,Choung Pill-Hoon
Tissue engineering. Part A
The periodontium, consisting of gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum, and alveolar bone, is necessary for the maintenance of tooth function. Specifically, the regenerative abilities of cementum with inserted PDL are important for the prevention of tooth loss. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), which are located in the connective tissue PDL between the cementum and alveolar bone, are an attractive candidate for hard tissue formation. We investigated the effects of recombinant human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (rhPAI-1) on cementogenic differentiation of human PDLSCs (hPDLSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Untreated and rhPAI-1-treated hPDLSCs mixed with hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) and dentin matrix were transplanted subcutaneously into the dorsal surface of immunocompromised mice to assess their capacity for hard tissue formation at 8 and 10 weeks posttransplantation. rhPAI-1 accelerated mineral nodule formation and increased the mRNA expression of cementoblast-associated markers in hPDLSCs. We also observed that rhPAI-1 upregulated the levels of osterix (OSX) and cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) through Smad2/3 and p38 pathways, whereas specific inhibitors of Smad3 and p38 inhibited the enhancement of mineralization of hPDLSCs by rhPAI-1. Furthermore, transplantation of hPDLSCs with rhPAI-1 showed a great ability to promote cementogenic differentiation. Notably, rhPAI-1 induced hPDLSCs to regenerate cementum-like tissue with PDL fibers inserted into newly formed cementum-like tissue. These results suggest that rhPAI-1 may play a key role in cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. rhPAI-1 with hPDLSCs may be a good candidate for future clinical applications in periodontal tissue regeneration and possibly in tooth root bioengineering.
10.1089/ten.TEA.2014.0399
Allogeneic Transplantation of Periodontal Ligament-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Sheets in Canine Critical-Size Supra-Alveolar Periodontal Defect Model.
Tsumanuma Yuka,Iwata Takanori,Kinoshita Atsuhiro,Washio Kaoru,Yoshida Toshiyuki,Yamada Azusa,Takagi Ryo,Yamato Masayuki,Okano Teruo,Izumi Yuichi
BioResearch open access
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that induces the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, followed by tooth loss. Although several approaches have been applied to periodontal regeneration, complete periodontal regeneration has not been accomplished. Tissue engineering using a combination of cells and scaffolds is considered to be a viable alternative strategy. We have shown that autologous transplantation of periodontal ligament-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (PDL-MSC) sheets regenerates periodontal tissue in canine models. However, the indications for autologous cell transplantation in clinical situations are limited. Therefore, this study evaluated the safety and efficacy of allogeneic transplantation of PDL-MSC sheets using a canine horizontal periodontal defect model. Canine PDL-MSCs were labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and were cultured on temperature-responsive dishes. Three-layered cell sheets were transplanted around denuded root surfaces either autologously or allogeneically. A mixture of β-tricalcium phosphate and collagen gel was placed on the bone defects. Eight weeks after transplantation, dogs were euthanized and subjected to microcomputed tomography and histological analyses. RNA and DNA were extracted from the paraffin sections to verify the presence of EGFP at the transplantation site. Inflammatory markers from peripheral blood sera were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Periodontal regeneration was observed in both the autologous and the allogeneic transplantation groups. The allogeneic transplantation group showed particularly significant regeneration of newly formed cementum, which is critical for the periodontal regeneration. Serum levels of inflammatory markers from peripheral blood sera showed little difference between the autologous and allogeneic groups. EGFP amplicons were detectable in the paraffin sections of the allogeneic group. These results suggest that allogeneic PDL-MSC sheets promoted periodontal tissue regeneration without side effects. Therefore, allogeneic transplantation of PDL-MSC sheets has a potential to become an alternative strategy for periodontal regeneration.
10.1089/biores.2015.0043
Integration of 3D Printed and Micropatterned Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Guidance of Oriented Collagenous Tissue Formation In Vivo.
Pilipchuk Sophia P,Monje Alberto,Jiao Yizu,Hao Jie,Kruger Laura,Flanagan Colleen L,Hollister Scott J,Giannobile William V
Advanced healthcare materials
Scaffold design incorporating multiscale cues for clinically relevant, aligned tissue regeneration has potential to improve structural and functional integrity of multitissue interfaces. The objective of this preclinical study is to develop poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds with mesoscale and microscale architectural cues specific to human ligament progenitor cells and assess their ability to form aligned bone-ligament-cementum complexes in vivo. PCL scaffolds are designed to integrate a 3D printed bone region with a micropatterned PCL thin film consisting of grooved pillars. The patterned film region is seeded with human ligament cells, fibroblasts transduced with bone morphogenetic protein-7 genes seeded within the bone region, and a tooth dentin segment positioned on the ligament region prior to subcutaneous implantation into a murine model. Results indicate increased tissue alignment in vivo using micropatterned PCL films, compared to random-porous PCL. At week 6, 30 μm groove depth significantly enhances oriented collagen fiber thickness, overall cell alignment, and nuclear elongation relative to 10 μm groove depth. This study demonstrates for the first time that scaffolds with combined hierarchical mesoscale and microscale features can align cells in vivo for oral tissue repair with potential for improving the regenerative response of other bone-ligament complexes.
10.1002/adhm.201500758
The use of platelet-rich fibrin combined with periodontal ligament and jaw bone mesenchymal stem cell sheets for periodontal tissue engineering.
Wang Zhong-Shan,Feng Zhi-Hong,Wu Guo-Feng,Bai Shi-Zhu,Dong Yan,Chen Fa-Ming,Zhao Yi-Min
Scientific reports
Periodontal regeneration involves the restoration of at least three unique tissues: cementum, periodontal ligament tissue (PDL) and alveolar bone tissue. Here, we first isolated human PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) and jaw bone mesenchymal stem cells (JBMSCs). These cells were then induced to form cell sheets using an ascorbic acid-rich approach, and the cell sheet properties, including morphology, thickness and gene expression profile, were compared. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) derived from human venous blood was then fabricated into bioabsorbable fibrin scaffolds containing various growth factors. Finally, the in vivo potential of a cell-material construct based on PDLSC sheets, PRF scaffolds and JBMSC sheets to form periodontal tissue was assessed in a nude mouse model. In this model, PDLSC sheet/PRF/JBMSC sheet composites were placed in a simulated periodontal space comprising human treated dentin matrix (TDM) and hydroxyapatite (HA)/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) frameworks. Eight weeks after implantation, the PDLSC sheets tended to develop into PDL-like tissues, while the JBMSC sheets tended to produce predominantly bone-like tissues. In addition, the PDLSC sheet/PRF/JBMSC sheet composites generated periodontal tissue-like structures containing PDL- and bone-like tissues. Further improvements in this cell transplantation design may have the potential to provide an effective approach for future periodontal tissue regeneration.
10.1038/srep28126
Collagen Hydrogel Scaffold and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Accelerate Periodontal Healing of Class II Furcation Defects in Dog.
Momose Takehito,Miyaji Hirofumi,Kato Akihito,Ogawa Kosuke,Yoshida Takashi,Nishida Erika,Murakami Syusuke,Kosen Yuta,Sugaya Tsutomu,Kawanami Masamitsu
The open dentistry journal
OBJECTIVE:Collagen hydrogel scaffold exhibits bio-safe properties and facilitates periodontal wound healing. However, regenerated tissue volume is insufficient. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) up-regulates cell behaviors and subsequent wound healing. We evaluated whether periodontal wound healing is promoted by application of collagen hydrogel scaffold in combination with FGF2 in furcation defects in beagle dogs. METHODS:Collagen hydrogel was fabricated from bovine type I collagen with an ascorbate-copper ion cross-linking system. Collagen hydrogel was mingled with FGF2 and injected into sponge-form collagen. Subsequently, FGF2 (50 µg)/collagen hydrogel scaffold and collagen hydrogel scaffold alone were implanted into class II furcation defects in dogs. In addition, no implantation was performed as a control. Histometric parameters were assessed at 10 days and 4 weeks after surgery. RESULT:FGF2 application to scaffold promoted considerable cell and tissue ingrowth containing numerous cells and blood vessel-like structure at day 10. At 4 weeks, reconstruction of alveolar bone was stimulated by implantation of scaffold loaded with FGF2. Furthermore, periodontal attachment, consisting of cementum-like tissue, periodontal ligament-like tissue and Sharpey's fibers, was also repaired, indicating that FGF2-loaded scaffold guided self-assembly and then re-established the function of periodontal organs. Aberrant healing, such as ankylosis and root resorption, was not observed. CONCLUSION:FGF2-loaded collagen hydrogel scaffold possessed excellent biocompatibility and strongly promoted periodontal tissue engineering, including periodontal attachment re-organization.
10.2174/1874210601610010347
Tri-Layered Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffold for the Concurrent Regeneration of Cementum, Periodontal Ligament, and Alveolar Bone.
Sowmya S,Mony Ullas,Jayachandran P,Reshma S,Kumar R Arun,Arzate H,Nair Shantikumar V,Jayakumar R
Advanced healthcare materials
A tri-layered scaffolding approach is adopted for the complete and concurrent regeneration of hard tissues-cementum and alveolar bone-and soft tissue-the periodontal ligament (PDL)-at a periodontal defect site. The porous tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold is composed of chitin-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/nanobioactive glass ceramic (nBGC)/cementum protein 1 as the cementum layer, chitin-PLGA/fibroblast growth factor 2 as the PDL layer, and chitin-PLGA/nBGC/platelet-rich plasma derived growth factors as the alveolar bone layer. The tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold is cytocompatible and favored cementogenic, fibrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle stem cells. In vivo, tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold with/without growth factors is implanted into rabbit maxillary periodontal defects and compared with the controls at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold with growth factors demonstrates complete defect closure and healing with new cancellous-like tissue formation on microcomputed tomography analysis. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses further confirm the formation of new cementum, fibrous PDL, and alveolar bone with well-defined bony trabeculae in comparison to the other three groups. In conclusion, the tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold with growth factors can serve as an alternative regenerative approach to achieve simultaneous and complete periodontal regeneration.
10.1002/adhm.201601251
Effects of the incorporation of ε-aminocaproic acid/chitosan particles to fibrin on cementoblast differentiation and cementum regeneration.
Park Chan Ho,Oh Joung-Hwan,Jung Hong-Moon,Choi Yoonnyoung,Rahman Saeed Ur,Kim Sungtae,Kim Tae-Il,Shin Hong-In,Lee Yun-Sil,Yu Frank H,Baek Jeong-Hwa,Ryoo Hyun-Mo,Woo Kyung Mi
Acta biomaterialia
Cementum formation on the exposed tooth-root surface is a critical process in periodontal regeneration. Although various therapeutic approaches have been developed, regeneration of integrated and functional periodontal complexes is still wanting. Here, we found that the OCCM30 cementoblasts cultured on fibrin matrix express substantial levels of matrix proteinases, leading to the degradation of fibrin and the apoptosis of OCCM30 cells, which was reversed upon treatment with a proteinase inhibitor, ε-aminocaproic acid (ACA). Based on these findings, ACA-releasing chitosan particles (ACP) were fabricated and ACP-incorporated fibrin (fibrin-ACP) promoted the differentiation of cementoblasts in vitro, as confirmed by bio-mineralization and expressions of molecules associated with mineralization. In a periodontal defect model of beagle dogs, fibrin-ACP resulted in substantial cementum formation on the exposed root dentin in vivo, compared to fibrin-only and enamel matrix derivative (EMD) which is used clinically for periodontal regeneration. Remarkably, the fibrin-ACP developed structural integrations of the cementum-periodontal ligament-bone complex by the Sharpey's fiber insertion. In addition, fibrin-ACP promoted alveolar bone regeneration through increased bone volume of tooth roof-of-furcation defects and root coverage. Therefore, fibrin-ACP can promote cementogenesis and osteogenesis by controlling biodegradability of fibrin, implicating the feasibility of its therapeutic use to improve periodontal regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE:Cementum, the mineralized layer on root dentin surfaces, functions to anchor fibrous connective tissues on tooth-root surfaces with the collagenous Sharpey's fibers integration, of which are essential for periodontal functioning restoration in the complex. Through the cementum-responsible fiber insertions on tooth-root surfaces, PDLs transmit various mechanical responses to periodontal complexes against masticatory/occlusal stimulations to support teeth. In this study, periodontal tissue regeneration was enhanced by use of modified fibrin biomaterial which significantly promoted cementogenesis within the periodontal complex with structural integration by collagenous Sharpey's fiber insertions in vivo by controlling fibrin degradation and consequent cementoblast apoptosis. Furthermore, the modified fibrin could improve repair and regeneration of tooth roof-of-furcation defects, which has spatial curvatures and geometrical difficulties and hardly regenerates periodontal tissues.
10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.039
Evaluation of a platelet lysate bilayered system for periodontal regeneration in a rat intrabony three-wall periodontal defect.
Babo Pedro S,Cai Xinjie,Plachokova Adelina S,Reis Rui L,Jansen John,Gomes Manuela E,Walboomers X Frank
Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
With currently available therapies, full regeneration of lost periodontal tissues after periodontitis cannot be achieved. In this study, a combined compartmentalized system was tested, composed of (a) a platelet lysate (PL)-based construct, which was placed along the root aiming to regenerate the root cementum and periodontal ligament, and (b) a calcium phosphate cement composite incorporated with hyaluronic acid microspheres loaded with PL, aiming to promote the regeneration of alveolar bone. This bilayered system was assessed in a 3-wall periodontal defect in Wistar rats. The periodontal healing and the inflammatory response of the materials were scored for a period up to 6 weeks after implantation. Furthermore, histomorphometrical measurements were performed to assess the epithelial downgrowth, the formation of alveolar bone, and the formation of new connective tissue attachment. Our data showed that the stabilization of platelet-origin proteins on the root surface increased the overall periodontal healing score and restricted the formation of long epithelial junctions. Nevertheless, the faster degradation of the cement component with incorporated hyaluronic acid microspheres compromised the stability of the system, which hampered the periodontal regeneration. Overall, in this work, we proved the positive therapeutic effect of the immobilization of a PL-based construct over the root surface in a combined compartmentalized system to assist predictable healing of functional periodontium. Therefore, after optimization of the hard tissue analogue, the system should be further elaborated in (pre)clinical validation studies.
10.1002/term.2535
Mineralization Induction of Gingival Fibroblasts and Construction of a Sandwich Tissue-Engineered Complex for Repairing Periodontal Defects.
Wu Mingxuan,Wang Jie,Zhang Yanning,Liu Huijuan,Dong Fusheng
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
BACKGROUND The ideal healing technique for periodontal tissue defects would involve the functional regeneration of the alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament, with new periodontal attachment formation. In this study, gingival fibroblasts were induced and a "sandwich" tissue-engineered complex (a tissue-engineered periodontal membrane between 2 tissue-engineered mineralized membranes) was constructed to repair periodontal defects. We evaluated the effects of gingival fibroblasts used as seed cells on the repair of periodontal defects and periodontal regeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primitively cultured gingival fibroblasts were seeded bilaterally on Bio-Gide collagen membrane (a tissue-engineered periodontal membrane) or unilaterally on small intestinal submucosa segments, and their mineralization was induced. A tissue-engineered sandwich was constructed, comprising the tissue-engineered periodontal membrane flanked by 2 mineralized membranes. Periodontal defects in premolar regions of Beagles were repaired using the tissue-engineered sandwich or periodontal membranes. Periodontal reconstruction was compared to normal and trauma controls 10 or 20 days postoperatively. RESULTS Periodontal defects were completely repaired by the sandwich tissue-engineered complex, with intact new alveolar bone and cementum, and a new periodontal ligament, 10 days postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS The sandwich tissue-engineered complex can achieve ideal periodontal reconstruction rapidly.
10.12659/msm.908791
Chitosan-Based Trilayer Scaffold for Multitissue Periodontal Regeneration.
Varoni E M,Vijayakumar S,Canciani E,Cochis A,De Nardo L,Lodi G,Rimondini L,Cerruti M
Journal of dental research
Periodontal regeneration is still a challenge for periodontists and tissue engineers, as it requires the simultaneous restoration of different tissues-namely, cementum, gingiva, bone, and periodontal ligament (PDL). Here, we synthetized a chitosan (CH)-based trilayer porous scaffold to achieve periodontal regeneration driven by multitissue simultaneous healing. We produced 2 porous compartments for bone and gingiva regeneration by cross-linking with genipin either medium molecular weight (MMW) or low molecular weight (LMW) CH and freeze-drying the resulting scaffolds. We synthetized a third compartment for PDL regeneration by CH electrochemical deposition; this allowed us to produce highly oriented microchannels of about 450-µm diameter intended to drive PDL fiber growth toward the dental root. In vitro characterization showed rapid equilibrium water content for MMW-CH and LMW-CH compartments (equilibrium water content after 5 min >85%). The MMW-CH compartment degraded more slowly and provided significantly more resistance to compression (28% ± 1% of weight loss at 4 wk; compression modulus H = 18 ± 6 kPa) than the LMW-CH compartment (34% ± 1%; 7.7 ± 0.8 kPa) as required to match the physiologic healing rates of bone and gingiva and their mechanical properties. More than 90% of all human primary periodontal cell populations tested on the corresponding compartment survived during cytocompatibility tests, showing active cell metabolism in the alkaline phosphatase and collagen deposition assays. In vivo tests showed high biocompatibility in wild-type mice, tissue ingrowth, and vascularization within the scaffold. Using the periodontal ectopic model in nude mice, we preseeded scaffold compartments with human gingival fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and PDL fibroblasts and found a dense mineralized matrix within the MMW-CH region, with weakly mineralized deposits at the dentin interface. Together, these results support this resorbable trilayer scaffold as a promising candidate for periodontal regeneration.
10.1177/0022034517736255
Harmine promotes periodontal ligament cell-induced tissue regeneration.
Lim H-C,Cha B-Y,Song S U,Yun J-H
Oral diseases
OBJECTIVE:to investigate whether harmine has a promotive effect on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs)-induced tissue regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Various concentrations of harmine on hPDLCs proliferation were tested. Osteogenic and cementogenic characteristics were examined in hPDLC/rhBMP-2 and hPDLC/harmine by alizarin red S staining, real-time PCR, and Western blotting assay. The activity of harmine was investigated in an ectopic transplantation nude mouse model. RESULTS:We determined that 10 μM of harmine was the threshold concentration. hPDLC/harmine showed similar mineralized nodule formation in alizarin S staining compared to hPDLC/rhBMP-2. In real-time PCR, the highest gene expression level was observed for Runx2 in hPDLC/harmine at all time points. The level of CEMP-1 in hPDLC/harmine was higher at 7 days than hPDLCs alone. Thicker band of Runx2 in hPDLC/harmine was observed than in hPDLC/rhBMP-2 at 7 days by Western blotting. The band for CEMP-1 in hPDLC/harmine was thicker than hPDLCs alone at both 7 and 14 days. In ectopic transplantation, hPDLCs with harmine showed a comparable amount of mineralized tissue formation compared to rhBMP-2. hPDLCs with harmine or rhBMP-2 formed both bone and cementum-like tissue with Sharpey's fiber-like collagen insertion. CONCLUSION:Harmine can be a potential candidate for promoting hPDLCs-induced tissue regeneration.
10.1111/odi.12770
Regeneration of the cementum and periodontal ligament using local BDNF delivery in class II furcation defects.
Jimbo Ryo,Singer Jessica,Tovar Nick,Marin Charles,Neiva Rodrigo,Bonfante Estevam A,Janal Malvin N,Contamin Hugues,Coelho Paulo G
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials
Periodontal furcation defects are usually addressed by the placement of a physical barrier which may limit the regenerative potential of periodontal wounds. This study morphometrically quantified the regenerative effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in furcation defects in a non-human primate model. Grade II furcation defects (with and without induced inflammation prior to surgery) were created on the first and second molars of eight non-human primates. Defects were treated with open flap debridement and subsequently filled with either: Group A; BDNF (500 µg mL ) in high-molecular weight-hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA), Group B; BDNF (50 µg mL ) in HMW-HA, Group C; HMW-HA acid only, Group D; unfilled defect, or Group E; BDNF (500 µg mL ) in saline. Periodontal wound healing was observed every 2 weeks by computed-tomography. At 11 weeks all animals were sacrificed and maxillary and mandibular block biopsies were referred for nondecalcified histology. Linear measurements of new cementum (cellular and acellular) and periodontal ligament (PDL) formation were performed. Computerized-tomography reconstruction and software quantification demonstrated successful bone fill for all groups. However, histometric assessment demonstrated significantly higher level of total periodontal regeneration for the 500 µg mL BDNF HMW-HA relative to all other groups. No significant differences in cementogenesis were observed among groups. Significantly higher acellular cementum formation was observed for sites where inflammation was not induced prior to surgical procedures. While all groups experienced similar bone fill and cementogenesis, the 500 µg mL BDNF HMW-HA appeared to most effectively repair PDL (minimum increase of ∼22% relative to all groups; over 200% relative to unfilled defects). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1611-1617, 2018.
10.1002/jbm.b.33977
A Graded Multifunctional Hybrid Scaffold with Superparamagnetic Ability for Periodontal Regeneration.
International journal of molecular sciences
The regeneration of dental tissues is a still an unmet clinical need; in fact, no therapies have been completely successful in regenerating dental tissue complexes such as periodontium, which is also due to the lack of scaffolds that are able to guide and direct cell fate towards the reconstruction of different mineralized and non-mineralized dental tissues. In this respect, the present work develops a novel multifunctional hybrid scaffold recapitulating the different features of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum by integrating the biomineralization process, and tape casting and electrospinning techniques. The scaffold is endowed with a superparamagnetic ability, thanks to the use of a biocompatible, bioactive superparamagnetic apatite phase, as a mineral component that is able to promote osteogenesis and to be activated by remote magnetic signals. The periodontal scaffold was obtained by engineering three different layers, recapitulating the relevant compositional and microstructural features of the target tissues, into a monolithic multifunctional graded device. Physico-chemical, morphological, and ultrastructural analyses, in association with preliminary in vitro investigations carried out with mesenchymal stem cells, confirm that the final scaffold exhibits a good mimicry of the periodontal tissue complex, with excellent cytocompatibility and cell viability, making it very promising for regenerative applications in dentistry.
10.3390/ijms19113604
Building capacity for macrophage modulation and stem cell recruitment in high-stiffness hydrogels for complex periodontal regeneration: Experimental studies in vitro and in rats.
Acta biomaterialia
Recently, we found that although high-stiffness matrices stimulated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs), the macrophages (Mφs) in high-stiffness transglutaminase crosslinked gelatins (TG-gels) tended to undergo M1 polarization and hence compromised cell osteogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that the copresentation of interleukin (IL)-4 and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α in high-stiffness TG-gels may enhance periodontal regeneration by modulating Mφ polarization and promoting endogenous stem cell recruitment. We found that Mφs were more likely to polarize toward an immunomodulatory M2 state in the presence of IL-4 and hence positively influence the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs when these cells coexisted in either indirect or direct co-culture systems. In cell migration assays, BMSCs exhibited an enhanced capability to move toward gels containing SDF-1α, and more cells could be recruited into the three-dimensional matrix of TG-gels. When TG-gels containing IL-4 and/or SDF-1α were used to repair periodontal defects, more new bone (MicroCT) was formed in animals that received the dual cytokine-loaded transplants at 4 weeks postsurgery. Mφs were recruited to all the transplanted gels, and after one week, more M1-phenotype cells were found in the groups without IL-4, while the presence of IL-4 was more likely to result in M2 polarization (immunofluorescence staining). When the tissue biopsies were histologically examined, the TG-gels containing both IL-4 and SDF-1α led to a generally satisfactory regeneration with respect to attachment recovery (epithelial and connective tissue) and hybrid tissue regeneration (bone, periodontal ligament and cementum). Our data suggest that the incorporation of IL-4 into high-stiffness TG-gels may promote the M2 polarization of Mφs and that SDF-1α can be applied to guide endogenous cell homing. Overall, building capacity for Mφ modulation and cell recruitment in high-stiffness hydrogels represents a simple and effective strategy that can support high levels of periodontal tissue regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The development of hydrogel-based regenerative therapies centered on the mobilization and stimulation of native cells for therapeutics opens a window toward realizing periodontal endogenous regeneration. In the present study, the parallel use of immunomodulatory and homing factors in high-stiffness hydrogel materials is shown to induce stem cell homing, modulate cell differentiation and indeed induce regrowth of the periodontium. We found that incorporation of interleukin (IL)-4 in high-stiffness TG-gels coaxed macrophages to polarize into M2 phenotypes, and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α could be applied to direct endogenous cell homing. Hence, we present for the first time a clinically relevant strategy based on macrophage modulation and host cell recruitment that can support high levels of periodontal tissue regeneration.
10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.004
Self-Assembly of an Organized Cementum-Periodontal Ligament-Like Complex Using Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering.
Basu Avik,Rothermund Kristi,Ahmed Meer N,Syed-Picard Fatima N
Frontiers in physiology
A major challenge in regenerating periodontal tissues is emulating its complex structure containing both mineralized and soft tissues. In this study, scaffold-free tissue constructs engineered using periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), which contain a population of adult stem/progenitor cells, self-assembled into an organized multi-tissue structure comprising a mineralized cementum-like core enclosed within a periodontal ligament (PDL)-like tissue. Scaffold-free engineered constructs were formed by culturing human PDLCs to form a cell sheet on six-well dishes containing two minutien pins placed 7 mm apart. The cell sheet was contracted by the cells to roll into the pins forming a cylindrical construct anchored on either end by the pins. These tissues were approximately 1 mm in diameter and 7 mm long and contained only the cells and their endogenous matrix. These scaffold-free engineered constructs exhibited two structurally distinct tissues, one in the center of the construct and another on the periphery. The center tissue was mineralized and expressed alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein, similar to cementum. The peripheral tissue was not calcified and expressed periodontal ligament-associated protein-1 and periostin, which is characteristic of the periodontal ligament. This tissue organization was seen after culture and maintained following subcutaneous implantation in immunocompromised mice. These data demonstrate that scaffold-free tissue engineering facilitates PDLCs to self-assemble into an organized cementum-PDL-like complex. These engineered tissues could be used as implantable grafts to regenerate damaged periodontal tissues or as model systems to study PDLC biology and mechanisms driving organized tissue assembly within the periodontium.
10.3389/fphys.2019.00422
The role of organic phosphate in the spatial control of periodontium complex bio-mineralization: an in vitro study.
Zuo Qiliang,Yao Jiangwu,Lu Shifeier,Du Zhibin,Li Shuigen,Lin Feng,Shi Wei,Zhang Yufeng,Xiao Yin
Journal of materials chemistry. B
The periodontal structure is a particularly exquisite model of hierarchical spatial control of mineralization. Extracellular matrix control in the selective mineralization of the periodontium complex remains elusive since the extracellular matrix is a set of mineralization promoters and inhibitors. The phosphorylated proteins, which are ubiquitous in the extracellular matrix of the periodontium complex, are well-documented as primary factors in the regulation of tissue mineralization. Whether organic phosphates are key regulators in defining the interfaces between dentin, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone is an issue worthy of research. Here, we investigated the in vitro remineralization process of demineralized and dephosphorylated periodontal tissue sections. When exposed to a metastable mineralization solution, a large number of calcospherulites deposited on the surface of the dephosphorylated sections and the tissue selective mineralization were disrupted. Interestingly, on adding a dentin matrix protein-1 analogue named polyacrylic acid, the surface mineralization rate in the dephosphorylated periodontal complex reduced dramatically. In contrast, hierarchical mineralization was displayed by the demineralized section at the tissue collagen fibrillar levels in both alveolar bone and dentin regions. These results demonstrated that the organic phosphate could prevent surface mineral deposition, and the minerals could penetrate the collagen fibrils to initiate a selective and hierarchal tissue mineralization with the assistance of the dentin matrix protein-1 analogue in the periodontal complex. This study enhances our understanding of the mineralization discrepancy in the periodontal tissues, which will provide some insight into the development of biomaterials for the regeneration of soft-hard tissue interfaces.
10.1039/c9tb01261c
Application of BMP-Bone Cement and FGF-Gel on Periodontal Tissue Regeneration in Nonhuman Primates.
Wang Bing,Mastrogiacomo Simone,Yang Fang,Shao Jinlong,Ong Marianne Meng Ann,Chanchareonsook Nattharee,Jansen John A,Walboomers X Frank,Yu Na
Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods
The ultimate challenge of tissue engineering research is the translation of experimental knowledge into clinical application. In the preclinical testing phase of any new therapy, animal models remain the gold standard. Therefore, the methodological choice of a suitable model is critical to meet the requirements for a safe clinical application of the developed treatment. For instance, we have shown in rats that the application of calcium phosphate cement (CPC)/propylene glycol alginate (PGA) with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 or fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 resulted in the regeneration of periodontal defects. However, it is debated whether using small models form a predictive method for translation to larger species. At the same time, the 3R framework is encouraged as guiding principles of the ethical use of animal testing. Therefore, based on the successful rat study, the objective of this study was to further investigate the periodontal regenerative efficacy of the CPC/BMP and PGA/FGF system in a periodontal defect model with a low number of nonhuman primates (NHPs). Three -overstocked from breeding for other purposes-were used (reuse of animals and appropriateness of the experimental animal species according to 3R framework). Three-wall periodontal defects were surgically created in the mandible. In total, 10 defects were created and distributed over two groups: (1) control group: PGA+CPC ( = 5) and (2) experimental group: PGA/FGF+CPC/BMP ( = 5). After 3 months, tissue regeneration was evaluated by histomorphometry and radiographic measurements. Data showed that epithelial downgrowth, cementum, and ligament regeneration were significantly enhanced in the experimental group compared with the control group ( = 5; = 0.013, = 0.028, and = 0.018, respectively). However, the amount of newly formed bone did not differ ( = 0.146). Overall, as a translational proof-of-principle study, the hybrid periodontal regenerative method of CPC/BMP+PGA/FGF promoted periodontal regeneration in NHPs. This study warrants the application of CPC/BMP/PGA/FGF in clinical trials. Impact Statement This study validated an earlier successful periodontal regeneration strategy from a rat model into a few spare nonhuman primates (NHPs). The hybrid periodontal regenerative method of calcium phosphate cement (CPC)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/propylene glycol alginate (PGA)/fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 promoted periodontal regeneration in NHPs, which corroborated the previous rat results. This translational approach was a very practical option and thus reduced the number and species of experimental animals in translational research. These results found in NHPs indicate a consistent conclusion with the earlier findings in the rat model. It further warrants the application of CPC/BMP-2+PGA/FGF-2 in human clinical trials.
10.1089/ten.TEC.2019.0160
Combination of a biomolecule-aided biphasic cryogel scaffold with a barrier membrane adhering PDGF-encapsulated nanofibers to promote periodontal regeneration.
Huang Ren-Yeong,Tai Wei-Chiu,Ho Ming-Hua,Chang Po-Chun
Journal of periodontal research
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND:To achieve periodontal regeneration, numerous investigations have concentrated on biomolecule supplement and optimization of bone substitute or barrier membrane. This study evaluated the benefit of combining these strategies for periodontal regeneration. METHODS:Biphasic cryogel scaffold (BCS) composed of gelatin (ligament phase) and gelatin with beta-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite (BH) (bone phase) was designed as tested bone substitute, and both enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were applied to formulate a biomolecule-aided BCS (BBS). Functionally graded membrane (FGM) was designed as tested barrier membrane by adhering PDGF-encapsulated poly(L-lactide-co-D/L-lactide) nanofibers on the conventional membrane (CM). BBS and FGM were characterized and tested for biocompatibility in vitro. Thirty 4 × 4 × 5 mm periodontal intrabony defects were created on 6 Beagle dogs. Each defect was evenly assigned to one of the following treatments including BH-CM, BCS-CM, BBS-CM, BH-FGM, BCS-FGM, and BBS-FGM, for 12 weeks. The therapeutic efficiency was assessed by micro-CT and histology. RESULTS:BCS and FGM sustained the release of biomolecules. The viability of MSCs was maintained in both phases of BCS and was promoted while seeding on the PDGF-encapsulated nanofibers. In CM-covered sites, BBS showed significantly greater osteogenesis (P < .01) and early defect fill (P < .05) relative to BH. FGM significantly promoted osteogenesis (P < .05) in BH-treated sites but showed limited benefit in BBS-treated sites. On denuded roots, cementum deposition was evident in BBS-treated sites. CONCLUSIONS:PDGF-loaded FGM promoted periodontal osteogenesis, and BBS with EMD-BMP-2 had potential for reconstructing alveolar ridge, periodontal ligament, and cementum. FGM and BBS combination provided limited additional benefit.
10.1111/jre.12740
Three-dimensional periodontal tissue regeneration using a bone-ligament complex cell sheet.
Raju Resmi,Oshima Masamitsu,Inoue Miho,Morita Tsuyoshi,Huijiao Yan,Waskitho Arief,Baba Otto,Inoue Masahisa,Matsuka Yoshizo
Scientific reports
Periodontal tissue is a distinctive tissue structure composed three-dimensionally of cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. Severe periodontal diseases cause fundamental problems for oral function and general health, and conventional dental treatments are insufficient for healing to healthy periodontal tissue. Cell sheet technology has been used in many tissue regenerations, including periodontal tissue, to transplant appropriate stem/progenitor cells for tissue regeneration of a target site as a uniform tissue. However, it is still difficult to construct a three-dimensional structure of complex tissue composed of multiple types of cells, and the transplantation of a single cell sheet cannot sufficiently regenerate a large-scale tissue injury. Here, we fabricated a three-dimensional complex cell sheet composed of a bone-ligament structure by layering PDL cells and osteoblast-like cells on a temperature responsive culture dish. Following ectopic and orthotopic transplantation, only the complex cell sheet group was demonstrated to anatomically regenerate the bone-ligament structure along with the functional connection of PDL-like fibers to the tooth root and alveolar bone. This study represents successful three-dimensional tissue regeneration of a large-scale tissue injury using a bioengineered tissue designed to simulate the anatomical structure.
10.1038/s41598-020-58222-0
Super-assembled core/shell fibrous frameworks with dual growth factors for in situ cementum-ligament-bone complex regeneration.
Ding Tian,Li Jianhua,Zhang Xingshuang,Du Lingqian,Li Yang,Li Dengwang,Kong Biao,Ge Shaohua
Biomaterials science
The regeneration of periodontal tissue defects remains a clinical challenge due to its complex tissue structure (e.g. periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and cementum) and poor self-healing ability. In situ tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach that combines frameworks with growth factors that are specifically chosen for the recruitment of endogenous stem cells to the site of injury and to evoke the innate regenerative potential of the body. Herein, a core/shell fibrous super-assembled framework (SAF)-based sequential growth factor delivery system is developed, in which basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) are designed to release in a sequential manner to facilitate in situ regeneration of the cementum-ligament-bone complex. The in situ tissue engineering framework (iTE-framework) shows ameliorated physicochemical properties and improved hydrophilicity, with an initial burst release of bFGF in the first few days, followed by a slow and constant release of BMP-2 up to 4 weeks. The iTE-framework shows excellent biocompatibility, significantly promoting the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in vitro. After implantation in rat periodontal defects, the iTE-framework effectively triggers the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the defect site, significantly promotes the formation of new bones, and facilitates the regeneration of the periodontal ligament and cementum tissue in vivo. Therefore, this sequential delivery system provides a promising therapeutic strategy for cementum-ligament-bone complex regeneration.
10.1039/d0bm00102c